* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Survey
Document related concepts
NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (H+-translocating) wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Biochemical cascade wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Butyric acid wikipedia , lookup
Mitochondrion wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthetic reaction centre wikipedia , lookup
Electron transport chain wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Light-dependent reactions wikipedia , lookup
Microbial metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Adenosine triphosphate wikipedia , lookup
Oxidative phosphorylation wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation 1 Learning Outcomes After reading this chapter and attending lecture, you should have an understanding of: • Aerobic respiration including glycolysis, TCA cycle, Electron transport chain • The difference between substrate and oxidative phosphorylation • Oxidation / Reduction equations • The anaerobic cycle includes lactic acid and alcohol fermentation 2 Theme: Life Requires Energy Transfer & Transformation Figure 1.6b 3 Theme: Energy conversions Bioluminescence: Energy converted to light energy. Reactions in our bodies: conversion of chemical energy or metabolism 4 Metabolism 5 Catabolism: breakdown complexes (as in cellular respiration) 6 Metabolism – Anabolism biosynthesis Anabolic and catabolic pathways are linked 7 Metabolism – Catabolic and anabolic pathways Catabolic Anabolic • Metabolic pathways that • Metabolic pathways that RELEASE energy by CONSUME energy to breaking down complex build complicated molecules to simpler molecules from simpler compounds ones • Ex. Cellular Respiration • Ex. Photosynthesis • Glucose à H2O + CO2 • H2O + CO2 à glucose 8 What or Who does work? 9 10 Oxidation & reduction 11 Oxidation & reduction 12 Oxidation of fuel during cellular respiration 13 NAD 14 Figure 9.5 H2 + 1/2 O2 2H + Free energy, G Free energy, G spor tran tron ain ch Explosive release of heat and light energy Elec (from food via NADH) Controlled release of + 2H + 2e energy for synthesis of ATP t O2 1/ 2 O2 ATP ATP ATP 2 e2 H+ H 2O (a) Uncontrolled reaction 1/ 2 H 2O (b) Cellular respiration 15 Figure 9.UN05 The Stages of Cellular Respiration 1. Glycolysis (color-coded teal throughout the chapter) 2. Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle (color-coded salmon) 3. Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis (color-coded violet) 16 Figure 9.UN05 The Stages of Cellular Respiration ***See video on cellular respiration 17 Figure 9.UN05 Substrate level phosphorylation 18 Figure 9.UN05 Glycolysis: Investment and payoff 19 Figure 9.UN05 Investment Phase-using ATP 20 Figure 9.UN05 Payoff Phase – making ATP 21 Figure 9.UN05 Where does the pyruvate go? 22 Figure 9.UN05 Citric Acid, Krebs, TCA cycle 23 Figure 9.UN05 24 Chemo-osmosis ATP-synthase Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker -1997 Nobel Prize http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_synthase 25 26 Figure 9.UN05 Fermentation Fermentation overview animation 27 Figure 9.UN05 Anaerobic & aerobic respiration 28 Figure 9.UN05 Connecting Metabolic Pathways 29 Figure 9.UN05 Control of Cellular Respiration 30 Figure 9.UN05 Review 31 Cellular respiration can best be described as a) Using energy released from breaking highenergy covalent bonds in organic molecules to make ATP b) Taking electrons from food and giving them to phosphate to make ATP c) Taking electrons from food and giving them to oxygen to make water, and using the energy released to make ATP d) Converting higher energy organic molecules to lower-energy organic molecules, and using the energy released to make ATP 32 During glycolysis, for each mole of glucose oxidized to pyruvate a) 6 moles of ATP are produced. b) 4 moles of ATP are used, and 2 moles of ATP are produced. c) 2 moles of ATP are used, and 4 moles of ATP are produced. d) 2 moles of ATP are used, and 2 moles of ATP are produced. e) net 4 moles of ATP are produced. 33 Glycolysis To sustain high rates of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions, cells require a) functioning mitochondria. b) oxygen. c) oxidative phosphorylation of ATP. d) NAD+. e) All of the above are correct. 34 What pathways generate reduced electron carriers? a) b) c) d) e) The citric acid cycle Glycolysis Pyruvate oxidation All of the above Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle only 35 Drugs known as uncouplers facilitate diffusion of protons across the membrane. When such a drug is added, what will happen to ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption, if the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle stay the same? a) Both ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption will decrease. b) ATP synthesis will decrease; oxygen consumption will increase. c) ATP synthesis will increase; oxygen consumption will decrease. d) Both ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption will increase. e) ATP synthesis will decrease; oxygen consumption will stay the same. 36 ETC-Rotenone inhibits complex I (NADH dehydrogenase). When complex I is completely inhibited, cells will a) neither consume oxygen nor make ATP. b) not consume oxygen and will make ATP only through glycolysis and fermentation. c) not consume oxygen and will make ATP only through substrate-level phosphorylation. d) consume less oxygen but still make some ATP through both glycolysis and respiration. 37 Energy and Respiration Newborn mammals have a specialized organ called brown fat, where cells burn fat to CO2 without capturing the energy to reduce electron carriers or make ATP. This energy may be used, instead, to a) synthesize glucose from CO2. b) directly power muscle contraction. c) provide energy for endergonic biosynthetic reactions. d) generate heat. 38 Evolution of Metabolic Pathways Glycolysis is found in all domains of life and is therefore believed to be ancient in origin. What can be said about the origin of the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain, and the F1 ATPase? a) They evolved after photosynthesis generated free oxygen. b) They evolved before photosynthesis and used electron acceptors other than oxygen. c) Individual enzymes were present before photosynthesis but served other functions, such as amino acid metabolism. d) They evolved when the ancestral eukaryotes acquired mitochondria. 39 The purpose of fermentation reactions is a) To regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continue b) To make alcohol or lactic acid that cells can metabolize for energy under anaerobic conditions c) To make additional ATP when respiration can’t make ATP fast enough d) To slow down cellular oxygen consumption when oxygen is scarce e) To make organic molecules that cells can store until oxygen becomes available 40 If your muscle cells used alcohol fermentation instead of lactic acid fermentation, which of the following might occur? a) Your cells would make more ATP in anaerobic conditions. b) Your cells would not be able to produce ATP in anaerobic conditions. c) You might become drunk when sprinting to catch a bus. d) Your cells would recycle less NADH to NAD+ in anaerobic conditions. e) Your cells would release less CO2 in anaerobic conditions. 41 Catabolism and Anaerobiosis During intense exercise, as muscles go into anaerobiosis, the body will increase its consumption of a) fats. b) proteins. c) carbohydrates. d) all of the above 42 Regulation of Metabolism How will a respiratory uncoupler affect the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle? a) Both will increase. b) Both will decrease. c) Only glycolysis will increase because of fermentation. d) Only the citric acid cycle will increase. 43 What is the probable effect on ATP production of a low-calorie diet? a) ATP production would decrease due to a reduction in the availability of fuel molecules. b) ATP production would increase as stored fats are catabolized. c) ATP production would increase if most calories were provided by fats and decrease if most calories were provided by high-fiber grains. d) ATP production would remain constant as stored fats or other body molecules are oxidized. e) ATP production would remain constant as long as the exercise level was increased. 44