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By the end of the mid-Republic, Rome had achieved military dominance on both the Italian peninsula and the Mediterranean at large through notable victories over the Etruscans, Greeks, Carthaginians, and Macedonians. LEARNING OBJECTIVE [ edit ] Describe the key results and effects of major Republican wars KEY POINTS [ edit ] The first Roman Republican wars were wars of both expansion and defense, aimed at protecting Rome itself from neighboring cities and nations and establishing its territory in the region. The Samnite Wars were fought against the Etruscans and effectively finished off all vestiges of Etruscan power in 282 BCE. By the middle of the 3rd century and at the end of the Pyrrhic War with Greece, Rome effectively dominated the Italian peninsula, and had won an international military reputation. Over the course of the three Punic Wars, Rome completely defeated Hannibal and razed Carthage to the ground. They thereby acquired all of Carthage's North African and Spanish territories. After four Macedonian Wars, Rome had establishe its first permanent foothold in the Greek world and divided the Macedonian Kingdom into four client republics. TERMS [ edit ] Punic Wars a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BCE to 146 BCE that resulted in the complete destruction of Carthage. Pyrrhus Greek general and statesman of the Hellenistic era. Later he became king of Epirus (r. 306–302, 297–272 BC) and Macedon(r. 288–284, 273–272 BC). He was one of the strongest opponents of early Rome. Some of his battles, though successful, cost him heavy losses, from which the term Pyrrhic victory was coined. Give us feedback on this content: Give us feedback on this content: FULL TEXT [edit ] Register for FREE to stop seeing ads Roman Conquest of the Italian Peninsula This map shows the expansion of Roman territory through the various wars they fought during the Republican period. Early Republic Early Campaigns (458–396 BCE) The first Roman Republican wars were wars of both expansion and defense, aimed at protecting Rome itself from neighboring cities and nations and establishing its territory in the region.Initially, Rome's immediate neighbors were either Latin towns and villages, or else tribal Sabines from the Apennine hills beyond.One by one Rome defeated both the persistent Sabines and the local cities that were either under Etruscan control or else Latin towns that had cast off their Etruscan rulers.By the end of this period, Rome had effectively completed the conquest of their immediate Etruscan and Latin neighbors, as well as secured their position against the immediate threat posed by the tribespeople of the nearby Apennine hills. Expansion into Italy and the Samnite Wars (343–282 BCE) The First Samnite War of between 343 BCE and 341 BCE was a relatively short affair: the Romans beat the Samnites in two battles, but were forced to withdraw from the war before they could pursue the conflict further due to the revolt of several of their Latin allies in the Latin War.The Second Samnite War, from 327 BCE to 304 BCE, was a much longer and more serious affair for both the Romans and Samnites, but by 304 BCE the Romans had effectively annexed the greater degree of the Samnite territory and founded several colonies. Seven years after their defeat, with Roman dominance of the area looking assured, the Samnites rose again and defeated a Roman army in 298 BCE to open the Third Samnite War.With this success in hand they managed to bring together a coalition of several previous enemies of Rome, but in 282 BCE, Rome finished off the last vestiges of Etruscan power in the region. Pyrrhic War (280–275 BCE) By the beginning of the 3rd century, Rome had established itself as a major power on the Italian Peninsula, but had not yet come into conflict with the dominant military powers in the Mediterranean Basin at the time: Carthage and the Greek kingdoms.When a diplomatic dispute between Rome and a Greek colony erupted into open warfare in a naval confrontation, the Greek colony appealed for military aid toPyrrhus, ruler of the northwestern Greek kingdom of Epirus.Motivated by a personal desire for military accomplishment, Pyrrhus landed a Greek army of some 25,000 men on Italian soil in 280 BCE.Despite early victories, Pyrrhus found his position in Italy untenable.Rome steadfastly refused to negotiate with Pyrrhus as long as his army remained in Italy.Facing unacceptably heavy losses with each encounter with the Roman army, Pyrrhus withdrew from the peninsula (thus deriving the term "pyrrhic victory").In 275 BCE, Pyrrhus again met the Roman army at the Battle of Beneventum.While Beneventum was indecisive, Pyrrhus realized his army had been exhausted and reduced, by years of foreign campaigns, and seeing little hope for further gains, he withdrew completely from Italy.The conflicts with Pyrrhus would have a great effect on Rome.Rome had shown it was capable of pitting its armies successfully against the dominant military powers of the Mediterranean, and that the Greek kingdoms were incapable of defending their colonies in Italy and abroad.Rome quickly moved into southern Italia, subjugating and dividing the Greek colonies.By the middle of the 3rd century, Rome effectively dominated the Italian peninsula, and had won an international military reputation. Mid-Republic Punic Wars The First Punic War began in 264 BCE when settlements on Sicily began to appeal to the two powers between which they lay – Rome and Carthage – to solve internal conflicts.The war saw land battles in Sicily early on, but the theatre shifted to naval battles around Sicily and Africa.Before the First Punic War there was no Roman navy to speak of.The new war in Sicily against Carthage, a great naval power, forced Rome to quickly build a fleet and train sailors.Though the first few naval battles of the First Punic War were catastrophic disasters for Rome, Rome was eventually able to beat the Carthaginians and left them without a fleet or sufficient coin to raise another.For a maritime power the loss of their access to the Mediterranean stung financially and psychologically, and the Carthaginians sued for peace. Continuing distrust led to the renewal of hostilities in the Second Punic War when Hannibal attacked a Spanish town with diplomatic ties to Rome in 218 BCE.Hannibal then crossed the Italian Alps to invade Italy.Hannibal's successes in Italy began immediately, but his brother, Hasdrubal, was defeated after he crossed the Alps on the Metaurus River.Unable to defeat Hannibal himself on Italian soil, the Romans boldly sent an army to Africa under Scipio Africanus with the intention of threatening the Carthaginian capital.Hannibal was recalled to Africa, and defeated at the Battle of Zama. Carthage never managed to recover after the Second Punic War and the Third Punic War that followed was in reality a simple punitive mission to raze the city of Carthage to the ground.Carthage was almost defenseless and when besieged offered immediate surrender, conceding to a string of outrageous Roman demands.The Romans refused the surrender, and the city was stormed after a short siege and completely destroyed.Ultimately, all of Carthage's North African and Spanish territories were acquired by Rome. Hannibal's Famous Crossing of the Alps Depiction of Hannibal and his army crossing the Alps during the Second Punic War. Macedon and Greece Rome's preoccupation with its war with Carthage provided an opportunity for Philip V of the kingdom of Macedonia, located in the north of the Greek peninsula, to attempt to extend his power westward.Over the next several decades, Rome clashed with Macedon to protect their Greek allies multiple times throughout the First, Second, and Third Macedonian Wars.By 168 BCE, the Macedonians had been thoroughly defeated, and Rome was convinced that the Greeks (and therefore the rest of the world) would never have peace if Greece was left alone.Rome thus decided to establish its first permanent foothold in the Greek world and divided the Macedonian Kingdom into four client republics.After a Fourth Macedonian War and nearly a century of constant crisis management in Greece, which always led back to internal instability and war when Rome pulled out, Rome decided to divide Macedonia into two new Roman provinces, Achaea and Epirus.