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Name: _______________________________________________ Period:________________________ Plate Tectonic Vocabulary Chapter 10 Pages 239-260 Vocabulary Word What is this? What are some examples? Continental drift Mid-ocean ridge Sea-floor spreading Paleomagnetism Plate tectonics 1 What does it look like? (draw a picture or diagram) Vocabulary Word What is this? What are some examples? Lithosphere Asthenosphere Divergent boundary Convergent boundary Transform boundary 2 What does it look like? (draw a picture or diagram) Vocabulary Word What is this? What are some examples? Rifting Terrane Supercontinent cycle Pangaea Panthalassa 3 What does it look like? (draw a picture or diagram) Name: ___________________________________________ Period: ___________________ Continental Drift Chapter 10 Section 1 (pp. 238-246) 1. Describe the observation that first led to Wegener’s hypothesis of continental drift? 2. What was some evidence Wegener had gathered to support his continental drift hypothesis? 3. Form an opinion as to whether or not scientists of his day were justified in rejecting Wegner’s hypothesis. 4. Explain what sea-floor spreading is and how it forms mid-ocean ridges. 5. Explain how scientists know that Earth’s magnetic poles have reversed many times during Earth’s history. 6. Identify how magnetic symmetry can be used as evidence of sea-floor spreading. 7. Explain how sea-floor spreading provides an explanation for how continents may move over Earth’s surface. 4 12. Directed Reading Chapter 10 Sec. 2 pages 247-254 Section: The Theory of Plate Tectonics 1. In addition to volcanoes, what also occurs frequently in the Pacific Ring of Fire? ________________________________________________________________ The theory that explains why and how continents move is called ____________________________________________________________. TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES 2. to the development of plate tectonics, developed?___________________________ In the space provided, write the letter of the definition that best matches the term or phrase. HOW CONTINENTS MOVE ______ 13. Divergent 3. 4. By what time period was evidence supporting continental drift, which led What is “plastic” rock and how does it move?___________________________ ______ 14. convergent ________________________________________________________________ ______ 15. transform ________________________________________________________________ ______ 16. mid-ocean ridge Describe how continents and oceans are carried on tectonic plates. ______ 17. subduction zone ________________________________________________________________ ______ 18. fracture zone ________________________________________________________________ 19. What happens to magma at divergent boundaries? TECTONIC PLATES 5. ________________________________________________________________ How many major tectonic plates have scientists identified? 20. A narrow area that forms where the plates at a divergent boundary separate is ________________________________________________________________ 6. 7. called a__________________________________________________________ . Why are the boundaries of the tectonic plates not always easy to identify?_________________________________________________________ 21. Where are most divergent boundaries located?___________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 22. Describe an example of a rift valley.___________________________________ How do scientists identify plate boundaries?_____________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 8. 23. When oceanic lithosphere collides with continental lithosphere, the oceanic lithosphere is less dense than the continental lithosphere, so it sinks, or __________________________ . A sudden movement along the boundary of a tectonic plate is a(n) ________________________________________________________________ 9. 24. What deep-ocean feature forms at subduction zones?______________________ Frequent earthquakes in a given zone are evidence that____________________ 25. As the oceanic plate subducts, it releases fluids into the mantle, causing ________________________________________________________________ magma to form and rise to the surface, forming_________________________ . 10. How do volcanoes help identify the locations of plates boundaries?__________ 26. What happens when two plates made of continental lithosphere collide? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 11. A zone of active volcanoes that encircles the Pacific Ocean is known as the ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 5 27. What is an example of a large mountain range formed when two plates made ______ 38. What happens to newer, warmer rock at a mid-ocean ridge as it cools? a. It is elevated above nearby rock. b. It slopes downward away from the ridge. c. It sinks into the mantle and pulls away from the ridge. d. It exerts force on the plate. of continental lithosphere collided?__________________________________ 28. What happens when two plates made of oceanic lithosphere collide? ________________________________________________________________ 39. The force on the rest of the plate from the asthenosphere below cooling, ________________________________________________________________ sinking rock is called _____________________________________________ . 29. An example of a feature that formed when two plates made of oceanic 40. Is ridge push the main driving force of plate motion? Along with ridge push, what did scientists study for clues to forces that drive plate motion? lithosphere collided is_________________________________________ . 30. What causes earthquakes at transform boundaries?_______________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 31. How are transform boundaries different from other types of boundaries? 41. What happens to magma in places where plates pull away from each other at ________________________________________________________________ 32. An example of a transform boundary is the _____________________________. mid-ocean ridges?__________________________________________________ 33. The San Andreas Fault is located between what two plates? ________________ 42. The force exerted by a sinking plate caused by the subduction of lithosphere into ________________________________________________________________ the asthenosphere is called __________________________________________. 43. Compared to speed of plates that are not subducting, plates that are subducting CAUSES OF PLATE MOTION move ________________________________. ______ 34. The movement of heated material due to differences in density is called a. convection. b. a convection cell. c. radioactivity. d. plate motion. 44. What three forces work together to cause plate motions? _______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ______ 35. The cycle in which the cooler, denser water sinks and the warmer water rises to the surface to create a cycle is called a. convection. b. plate tectonics. c. a convection cell. d. boiling water. ________________________________________________________________ ______ 36. Earth’s mantle is heated by a. tectonic plates. b. core energy and radioactivity. c. boiling water. d. cool, dense mantle material. ______ 37. What causes tectonic plate movement? a. Hot material in the mantle sinks. b. Lack of a convection cell causes plates to rise. c. The mantle drags overlying tectonic plates along. d. Divergent boundaries come together. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Holt Earth Science 6 1. 2. 3. Directed Reading Chapter 10 sec. 3 pages 255-260 EFFECTS OF CONTINENTAL CHANGE Section: The Changing Continents 13. Name three factors that affect a continent’s climate. What is the result of slow movements of tectonic plates? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ What probably causes continental lithosphere to become thinner and weaken? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 14. How have movements of tectonic plates affected modern climates? ________________________________________________________________ What happens when the lithosphere weakens?___________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 4. 15. Most of Earth’s continental surfaces were once covered by________________ . What are two ways by which continents can change?______________________ 16. Ice covered most of Earth when all the continents were located near ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ In the space provided, write the letter of the definition that best matches the term or phrase. 17. What caused Earth’s temperatures to change and its ice sheet to melt? ________________________________________________________________ ______ 5. terrane ______ 7. seamount 18. What happens to populations of organisms as continents rift or as mountains form?____________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ______ 8. Atoll 19. What is an example of a unique species that evolved on Madagascar? ______ 6. accretion a. a small volcanic island or underwater mountain b. the process by which a terrane becomes part of a continent c. a piece of lithosphere that has a unique geologic history d. a small coral island 9. ________________________________________________________________ 20. Why did unique species of plants and animals evolve on Madagascar? ________________________________________________________________ Describe the rocks and fossils of a terrane. ________________________________________________________________ THE SUPERCONTINENT CYCLE ______ 21. A picture of continental change throughout time has been constructed by a. paleontologists. b. geologists. c. geographers. d. scientists from many fields. 10. What is found at the boundaries of a terrane? ________________________________________________________________ 11. Describe the magnetic properties of a terrane. ________________________________________________________________ 12. What happens when a tectonic plate carrying a terrane subducts under a plate ______ 22. Supercontinents are a. large landmasses formed in the past from smaller continents. b. the large continents that exist today. c. pieces of large landmasses that broke apart. d. large oceans that covered Earth in the past. made of continental crust?___________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 7 30. According to scientists’ predictions, what will happen to the continents in 250 _______23. Supercontinents form when a. rifts form in the lithosphere. b. new convergent boundaries form after continents collide. c. heat builds up in Earth’s interior. d. continental lithosphere subducts. million years?________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ______ 23. What causes a supercontinent to break apart? a. Heat inside Earth causes rifts to form in the supercontinent. b. The convergent boundary between two continents becomes inactive. c. A new convergent boundary forms. d. The supercontinent cycle stops. ______ 24. The supercontinent that formed about 300 million years ago is called a. Laurasia. b. Gondwanaland. c. Africa. d. Pangaea. ______ 25. The body of water on the eastern edge of Pangaea was a. the Ural Sea. b. the Tethys Sea. c. the Panthalassa Ocean. d. the Russian Sea. ______ 26. Pangaea was surrounded by a. mountains. b. seas. c. an ocean. d. other supercontinents. ______ 27. One mountain range that formed when Pangaea was created was a. the Rocky Mountains. b. the Alps. c. the Himalayas. d. the Appalachians. ______ 28. How were Laurasia and Gondwanaland created? a. Pangaea collided with another supercontinent. b. North America collided with Eurasia. c. Pangaea split from north to south. d. A rift split Pangaea from east to west. ______ 29. The Tethys Sea eventually became a. the North Atlantic Ocean. b. Gondwanaland. c. the Mediterranean Sea. d. Laurasia. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Holt Earth Science 8