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Transcript
Bellringer Get out a piece of scrap paper Label 1-5 What is anaerobic? Anaerobic byproduct in animals is Anaerobic byproduct in plants is What organisms are usually anaerobic? Why is aerobic better than anaerobic? Cellular Respiration AP conference Good news I’m doing almost everything right! Looking at statistics for college completion rates you are in a good place to succeed at school AP conference Bad news Starting next 9 weeks Late work is a 0 No retests All homework is graded for accuracy – trying isn’t good enough If you are in a sport or club – plan accordingly College and the real world don’t care what else you are doing – they want results All retests due by 11/2/2012 AP Conference Ask for help now You are in a sport – great – why does that mean you get an advantage with due dates and test scores? Some of you are ready for college – most arent Time management Responsibility Step up – you’re better than what you are giving me What is cellular respiration? The creation of energy (ATP) This “creation” requires sugar (food) and sometimes oxygen Your body breaks down the food and creates ATP Review Metabolic pathways – these are enzymes that are near each other and work as an assembly line A bigger metabolic pathway OH COME ON MAN I’m done. Broken. Stahp. Review First law of thermodynamics – energy can’t be created or destroyed – only transformed Second law of thermodynamics – when energy is transformed some is always lost (heat, friction, drag, etc.) What is ATP? Adenisone Triphosphate It is a nucleic acid It is usable energy It has 3 phosphates All the energy you use comes from the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphates What is ADP? Adenisone Diphosphate Exactly the same as ATP except it is missing a phosphate It is a “spent” battery We must recharge it into ATP Enthalpy, entropy, free energy, and your brain just melted The equation is ∆G = ∆H – T∆S Delta G = free energy Delta H = enthalpy (total available energy) Delta S = entropy (randomness in a system) T = temperature in kelvin Delta G must be negative to happen spontaneously <0 Delta G that is 0 or higher must have energy added to complete Endergonic – nonspontaneous and requires free energy – delta G ≥ 0 The delta G is the amount of energy required to start the reaction Exergonic – spontaneous and does not require free energy – delta G < 0 The delta G is the amount of work performed Spontaneous or not? Exergonic or Endergonic Delta G = -4 Delta G = 0 Delta G = 10 Make flashcards Enthalpy Entropy Exergonic Endergonic So what? Energy coupling – pairing an exergonic reaction with an endergonic one ATP Degredation + an enzyme = work done Example What organelle does this? Mitochondria Oxidation/Reduction reactions OILRIG Oxidation is a loss of an electron Reduction is a gain of an electron If something is oxidized it becomes MORE POSITIVE If something is reduced it becomes MORE NEGATIVE ex Aerobic Respiration How animals NORMALLY make ATP Requires OXYGEN (aero) C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + 32ATP Or sugar + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + ATP If your body can’t break down sugar or get oxygen YOU WILL DIE You need ~26ATP/glucose to survive – less than that = death (eventually) Anaerobic Respiration We don’t die the moment we hold our breaths Some bacteria can live their entire lives without oxygen THIS DOES NOT MAKE ENOUGH ATP FOR US TO SURVIVE Anaero = no oxygen In animals - Glucose 8ATP + carbon dioxide + lactic Acid In plants – Glucose 8 ATP + carbon dioxide + alcohol Anaerobic respiration (Fermentation) Lactic acid fermentation is why your legs burn when you run, or why your arms burn after lifting. You are using ATP faster than your body can bring in oxygen. This causes you to switch to fermentation until more oxygen gets there. This is how alcohol is made. In plants lactic acid isn’t made – alcohol is. Where does sugar come from? Animals + some bacteria = we eat it Plants + some bacteria = they make it Plants CAN NOT eat sugar – they make their own Autotrophs – they make their own food Heterotrophs – they eat something else for food Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is how plants make their own sugar from sunlight BEFORE going through aerobic respiration PLANTS STILL GO THROUGH AEROBIC RESPIRATION 6CO2 + 6H20 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Carbon dioxide + water sugar + oxygen Question Do plants use oxygen? Answer Yes! They must still break down the sugar from aerobic respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + 32ATP Don’t tell me plants don’t use oxygen on a test. It is the college level of saying blood is blue PLANTS DON’T HAVE LUNGS I KNOWFRFGSDIJG Questions Why do you die from… A heart attack Getting shot in the lung Diabetes Carbon monoxide poisoning Drowning A plant without sun You can answer all questions to a basic level now just by looking at your formulas Heart attack – blood can’t flow to pick up oxygen – without oxygen you can’t make ATP – you die Gunshot – If you are shot in the lungs they can’t bring in oxygen – without oxygen you can’t make ATP – you die Diabetes – Your cells can’t get glucose inside of them – If your cells can’t get glucose you can’t make ATP – you die Carbon monoxide poisoning – It blocks your blood from picking up oxygen – if you can’t get oxygen you can’t make ATP – you die Drowning – if you can’t get in oxygen you can’t make ATP Plant – no sunglight = no photosynthesis Question Where does all food on this planet originally come from? Answer The sun! Sun lets plants make food thing eat plants we eat things that eat plants So how do we do it? ALL organisms go through the following stages Glycolysis – break down sugar Citric Acid cycle– make NADH Aerobic organisms then go through the: Electron transport chain Anaerobic organisms go through: Fermentation Glycolysis Glyco – sugar Lysis – split/cut You put in Glucose 2 ATP You get out: 4 ATP 2 pyruvate 2 NADH ATP here isn’t that important – Pyruvate and NADH are Pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA and put into the citric acid cycle You made 2 pyruvates so you do the citric acid cycle twice Citric Acid Cycle OMG WHAT IS THAT You put in pyruvate You get out CO2 8 NADH 2 ATP The electron transport chain Until this point we have only made 4 ATP – we need at least 22 more They all come from this chain 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. NADH is split releasing an electron and an H+ ion The electron acts as an activator and opens the gated channel enzymes When the enzymes open H+ is pumped out This creates a concentration gradient – we get more H+ on the outside than the inside H+ wants to flow back in but the only way is through an enzyme called ATP synthase When H+ flows in it spins the enzyme which adds a phosphate to ADP This creates ATP While this happens oxygen picks up the spent electrons. If this fails to happen the enzymes stay closed and H+ isn’t pumped out thus shutting off ATP synthesis Electron transport chain Last of the notes Chemiosmosis – energy stored in a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions drives the work of ATP synthase – ADP + P ATP Oxidative phosphorylation – NADH is oxidized (loses electrons) so that ADP can be phosphorylated into ATP