Download AP Chemistry - Dorman High School

Chemistry I
Unit 12
Silicon (geological world):
Carbon (biological world):
Biomolecules:
 Organic Chemistry:
o Oxides and Carbonates are considered inorganic substances.
o Original ideas to distinguish between organic and inorganic:
 Urea:
Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons:
a. Saturated (Alkanes):
i. VSEPR Shape and Hybridization:
ii. See Table 20.1 for the first ten alkanes (CnH2n+2)
iii. Normal, straight-chain, or unbranched hydrocarbons
1. Zig-zag Shape:
Isomerism:
Butane and above can exhibit isomerism
See Figure
(butane and isobutene)
Draw isomers of pentane.
For nomenclature rules see pg.
Write the names for each isomer drawn for pentane.
See Table
for common alkyl substitutes and their names.
Practice Problems:
Naming Alkanes
Why are they fairly un-reactive?
Cyclic Alkanes
Cyclopropane: strained 60° bonds making them reactive
Cyclobutane: strained 88° bonds
Cyclopentane and Cyclohexane
“Pucker”Chair (99%)
Boat
Common representations of cyclic alkanes
Nomenclature follows same rules as others except:
Root name is proceeded by “cyclo”
The ring is numbers so that the smallest substituent numbers possible are used.
Unsaturated (Alkenes and Alkynes): contain double or triple bonds
Alkenes and Alkynes
I.
Alkenes (CnH2n)
a. Hybridization of the double bond
b. Nomenclature is similar to alkanes except:
i. Root changes from “ane” to “ene”.
ii. Location of the double bond is indicated by the lowest-numbered carbon
involving the bond.
1. 1-butene (not 3 butene)
2. 2-butene
iii. Cis-trans Isomerism
1. Prevented rotation of CH2 groups
2. Cis (see Figure
)
3. Trans (see Figure )
4. Practice Problems:
II.
Alkynes
a. Hybridization of the triple bond
b. Nomenclature is similar to alkanes except:
i. Root changes from “ane” to “yne”
III.
IV.
V.
ii. Location of the triple bond is indicated by the lowest-numbered carbon
involving the bond.
Cyclic Alkenes and Alynes
a. Cyclohexene
b. 4-methyl-cyclopentene
Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes
a. Addition reactions
b. Hydrogenation
c. Halogenation
d. Polymerization
Practice Problems:
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
I.
Benzene
a. Resonance Structures
b. Delocalization representation
i. Does not undergo substitution reactions readily (characterized by saturated
hydrocarbons)
ii. Substitution reaction with a catalyst (characterized in unsaturated
hydrocarbons)
Nomenclature
is similar to that for saturated rings except
iii. Orthoiv. Metav. Paravi. If benzene is the substituent,
vii. See Figure
on pg.
II.
Practice Problems:
Hydrocarbon Derivatives:
I.
Functional Groups (see Table
)
II.
Alcohols
a. Hydroxyl group
b. Nomenclature:
i. Replace the final “e” with “ol”
ii. The position of –OH is specified by a number chosen to be the smallest of
substituents
c. Classification
i. Primary
ii. Secondary
iii. Tertiary
d. Characteristics
i. High boiling point
e. Commercial Value
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
i. Methanol- wood alcohol
ii. Ethanol
iii. Isopropyl alcohol
iv. Phenol
Aldehydes and Ketones
a. Carbonyl group
b. Ketones
i. Nomenclature
1. Remove final “e” and add “one”
ii. Chemical properties
c. Aldehydes
i. Nomenclature
1. remove final “e” and add “all”
2. The aldehyde group is assigned number 1
ii. Occurs at the end of the carbon chain
iii. Chemical properties
d. Produced by the oxidation of alcohols
i. Primary alcohols yield
ii. Secondary alcohols yield
Carboxylic Acids and Esters
a. Carboxylic Acids
i. General Formula
ii. Chemical Properties
iii. Nomenclatures
1. Remove the final “e” and add “oic acid”
iv. Synthesized by oxidizing primary alcohols with strong oxidizing agents.
b. Esters
i. Produced by reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol
ii. Chemical Properties
iii. Nomenclature
1. Change the “oic” ending of the parent acid to “oate”
2. The parent alcohol is named first with a “yl” ending
Amines
a. Derivatives of ammonia
i. Primary
ii. Secondary
iii. Tertiary
b. Nomenclature
i. Use the name “amino” for the –NH2 functional groups
c. Chemical Properties
d. Aromatic Amines
i. Carcinogens
ii. See Table for Common Amines
Practice Problems: