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Keywords: Adaptation, Nucleus, Chromosomes, Gene, Clone, Tissue Culture, Embryo Cloning
Leaves reduced to
spines, to reduce
water loss and for
protection.
Thick glossy
cuticle, to reduce
water loss.
Large, swollen stem
(small SA:V) to reduce
water loss and to store
Extensive shallow
network of roots,
to absorb any
water.
water
.
Sexual Reproduction
Involves joining of sex cells
(gametes). This is fertilisation
Animals-sperm and egg
A cell nucleus
contains 46
Chromosomes,
which carry genes.
-small surface/area:volume ratio
-thick fur
Competition
Light
Water
Water
Space
Space
-camouflage
Cloning Techniques -Animals
-wide paws to avoid sinking
Clone=genetically identical individual.
1)
Clone=genetically identical individual.
Taking Cuttings
2)
Tissue culture
Plants
Food
Mates
-layer of fat as insulation
Offspring
Offspring show variation
Animals
Adaptations To Cold Environment
1)
Parent
Plants-pollen and ovules
Adaptations To Hot Environment
Cloning Techniques -Plants
Asexual Reproduction
Embryo Cloning-a developing embryo is
removed from an animal and the cells
split apart. The cells are grown for a
while before being implanted into
separate host mothers
Nutrients
No joining of gametes
All genetic material from one
parent so offspring are identical
(clones)
No variation.
2) Fusion Cell Cloning (reproductive
cloning)- a nucleus is removed from an
egg cell and replaced with a nucleus
from another animals body cell.
Egg
Embryo
Cells split apart
and implanted into
separate host
mothers.
Keywords: Darwin, Evolution, Natural Selection, Mutation, Sulphur Dioxide, Carbon Dioxide, Extinction, Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering
This involves transferring genes between organisms. E.g. bacteria can be genetically
modified to produce the human hormone insulin
Deforestation
Stops trees removing CO2
so adding to problem
Acid Rain
Caused by release of
sulphur dioxide (SO2) and
nitrogen oxides
Greenhouse Effect
More energy
trapped
Suns heat
Some energy
radiated away
Pollution Indicators
-Lichens for air pollution
-Invertebrates for
water pollution
1)Fossils-show how organisms
have changed over time or
that some have become
extinct
2)Horse-fossils show how it
evolved from small swamp
dwelling animals to what it is
today
Natural Selection-Darwin came up with this theory to explain evolution
1) Each
species shows
variation:
3)
2)
There is competition within
each species for food, living
space, water, mates etc
The “better adapted”
members of these species
are more likely to survive –
“Survival of the Fittest”
Gutted!
Yum
4)
These survivors will pass on
their better genes to their
offspring who will also show
this beneficial variation.
Not accepted as
Alternative
Mutations-changes in DNA can cause a beneficial change which will be passed onto offspring
-No one knew how we could
inherit features (he did not
know about genes)
-Contradicted bible
Lamarck Claimed organisms
changed over the course of
their lifetime and pass on
these features to offspring.
E.g. a giraffe would stretch its
neck and pass on this feature
to its offspring.
Increased CO2
and methane
Human Population Growth
Very rapid
-more waste
-more pollution
-natural resources being used
up
-land taken up for human
activity
Sustainable
living-meeting
our needs
without harming
destroying
Earth for
future
generations
Extinctions
Caused by
-new diseases
-new predators
-new competitors
-environmental changes e.g.
climate