Download Base-Pair Rule

DNA
"The Blueprint of Life"
DNA stands for...
D_________N_______ A____
DNA FACTS
• established by
_________ and
________
• Shape of a ______
________
• codes for your _________ (traits)
• made of repeating subunits called
_____________
What is a nucleotide?
Has three parts:
______________
____________________ (sugar)
_________________ (A,T,G,C)
Base-Pair Rule
________ <==> Thymine
Guanine <==> ________
The sides (_________)
of the DNA ladder are
____________ & ______
held together
by _________________
Base Pair Rule
One side:
Other side:
A T A
T C A
T G C
G G G
How the Code Works
The combination of A,T,G,C determines what
traits you might have, for example
C A T C A T = purple hair
T A C T A C = yellow hair
Let's Review What We Know About DNA
1. DNA stands for: De _____ ribo ______ acid
2. What is the shape of DNA? _______________
3. Who established the structure of DNA? ____________
4. Adenine always pairs with _______________
5. The sides of the DNA ladder are deoxyribose and _____
6. Guanine always pairs with _____________
7. What is the complimentary sequence: A A T G C A
8. The two sides of DNA are held together by _______
bonds.
9. DNA is composed of repeating subunits called
______________________
10. What are the 4 bases that make up the rungs of the DNA
ladder? _______________________________________
DNA REPLICATION
the process by which DNA makes a ________
of itself (_____ ______________)
SEMI-_______________ - _____ of the old strand is saved and
________ is new
RNA - _____________________
*___________ strand
*______________ sugar
*contains no _________, ________
instead
*3 types: ______, ______, and ______
*follows base pair rule
DNA: A T A G C G
RNA:
mRNA carries the
“_______________"
to the ___________,
where proteins are
made
tRNA carries the
______
_________ to
the
___________,
where proteins
are made
rRNA and
______
build a
__________
DNA --> RNA --> Protein
Proteins are the building
blocks of the organism (traits)
Transcription - process where RNA is
made from DNA
Translation - process where proteins
are made from RNA
Transcription and Translation: How
Proteins are made by the cell
TRANSCRIPTION
1. One of the strands of DNA is used as a
_________________ to create a strand of ____________
2. Requires the ___________________ RNA polymerase
3. Transcription always starts at a region called the
_________________.
4. _______________ are segments of DNA that do not
contain ________________. ___________ are segments
that contain genes.
5. Each ____ bases on mRNA is a _______________, it
corresponds to an __________ acid
Transcription of mRNA from DNA
TRANSLATION
1.Takes the _____________________ on mRNA and converts it
into an _____________ acid chain
2. Individual amino acids will join to form a _______________.
Shapes and composition of protein determine its functionality (hair,
enzymes, skin, muscles etc)
The steps in translation are:
1. The ________________________ binds to _____________ at a
specific area.
2. The ribosome starts matching ____________ ______________
sequences to the mRNA ___________ sequence.
3. Each time a new tRNA comes into the ribosome, the amino acid that
it was carrying gets _______________ to the elongating
______________________ chain.
4. The ribosome continues until it hits a ______________ sequence,
then it releases the polypeptide and the mRNA.
5. The polypeptide forms into its native shape and starts acting as a
functional ___________ in the cell.
Steps of Translation
Genetic Mutations: _________ in
the genetic __________
______________ mutation: a single point in the sequence is changed.
For instance a G is changed to an A. Compare this to reading a sentence
Cats eat big rat. --> point mutation --> Cats eat big hat
The sentence is still almost recognizable, the ___________________
changed in this case might still function.
______________________ MUTATION - a point mutation that involves a
__________________ or deletion, which results in a shift in the reading
frame.
Cats eat big rat --> add an additional letter A, and the reading frame
changes
Aca tse atb igr at - this protein does not resemble the original and will
probably not be _____________