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Energy Review
AP Bio
Chapters 8, 9, and 10
Match
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A. Uses oxygen
B. Make oxygen
C. Uses CO2
4. Makes CO2
5. Uses glucose
6. Makes glucose
1. Glycolysis
2. Kreb’s Cycle
3. ETS / ETC
4. Light Rxn
5. Calvin Cycle
What is an anabolic reaction? Give an
example. (and lies)
• Builds molecules using energy
• Synthesis of proteins from amino acids
• Photosynthesis
What is an catabolic reaction? Give an
example.
• Breaking down molecules, releasing energy
• Cellular respiration, breaking down glucose
What is an endergonic reaction? Give an
example.
• A reaction that requires an input of energy
• Making ATP from ADP + P
• Photosynthesis
What is an exergonic reaction? Give an
example.
• A reaction that releases energy
• Cellular Respiration
• Breaking down ATP into ADP + P
What is energy coupling?
• Using energy from exergonic reactions to
power endergonic reactions
What is ATP?
• Energy
• Adenosine Tri Phosphate
• Energy is stored in the electrons in the bond
between the last P
What is phosphorylation? Which enzyme
phosphorylates?
• Adding a P to a molecule
• Kinase
What is an enzyme? What does it do?
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A protein
A catalyst
Decrease activation energy
Makes a reaction go faster
What is a substrate?
• Something an enzyme works on
What is an active site?
• Where an enzyme and substrate bind
• Where the reaction occurs
What is denaturation?
• Changing the shape of an enzyme which
changes its function
What are activators? Define, list, and
describe
• Non-proteins enzyme helpers
• Coenzymes are organic: vitamins
• Cofactors are inorganic: metal atoms like zinc,
iron, copper
What is inhibition? Define, list, describe
• Chemicals that prevent enzyme activity
• Competitive: binds to the active site
• Non-competitive: binds somewhere else and
changes the shape
What is oxidation?
• Loss of an electron
What is reduction?
• Gain of electrons
What’s the equation for cell resp? Ender
or exer? Anabolic or catabolic?
• 6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
• Exergonic
• Catabolic
Where does the oxygen go after cell resp?
• Into water
Why is oxygen needed in cell resp?
• To act as the final electron acceptor of the ETS
What happens to the carbon from glucose
after cell resp?
• Goes to CO2 and is breathed out
Where does glycolysis occur?
• cytoplasm
What happens in glycolysis?
• Glucose is split into 2 molecules of pyruvic
acid
• 2 NADH are made
• 2 ATP are made
Where does Kreb’s occur?
• Mitochondrial matrix
What are NADs and FADs?
• Coenzymes that carry electrons to the ETC
Where does the ETC occur?
• In the cristae
What happens to the electrons in the ETC?
• Travel down proteins in the membrane
• Finally accepted by oxygen
What happens to the hydrogen ions in the
ETC?
• Build up on one side of the membrane
• Go down their concentration gradient through
ATP synthase
• Provide energy to make ATP
What are the end products of the ETC?
• 34 ATP
• Water
What’s the equation for photosynthesis?
Anabolic or Catabolic? Endergonic or
exergonic?
• 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Anabolic
• Endergonic
What are stomata?
• Openings in leaves that let carbon dioxide in
and oxgyen out
Where do light dependent reactions occur?
• In thylakoid membranes
What goes into light reactions? What
comes out?
• In: water
• Out: oxgyen, ATP, NADPH
Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?
• Stroma
• Fluid in the chloroplast
What goes into the dark reactions? What
comes out?
• In: Carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH
• Out: G3P, ADP, NADP
What is rubisco, what does it do?
• The most abundant enzyme on earth
• Fixes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
onto RuBP in the Calvin Cycle
What are C3 plants? Name some.
• Regular plants that do normal photosynthesis
• Rice, wheat, most plants
What are C4 plants? Name some.
• Plants that are adapted to hot, dry climates
and physically separate where the Calvin Cycle
takes place
• Corn, sugarcane
What are CAM plants? List some.
• Plants that only open stomata at night and do
the Calvin Cycle during the day with saved up
CO2
• Cactus, jade, pineapples
If a reaction requires energy, what kind is
it?
• Endergonic
Do plants have mitochondria?
• Yes, and they make ATP
What is the main way ATP is made during
cell resp?
• By pumping protons (hydrogen ions) down
their concentration gradients through ATP
Synthase to make ATP
Which types of plants do carbon fixation
the best?
• C3
• C4 and CAM do NOT, and require special ways
of doing photosynthesis
In the beginning of time, how did single
celled prokaryotes get ATP?
• Glycolysis only
If stomata close, what happens to the
plant?
• They can’t get CO2
Do prokaryotic cells have chloroplasts?
• No
• But they can still do photosynthesis because
they have chlorophyll stored in thylakoids
What happens if ATP goes through
hydrolysis?
• Energy is released and can be used in
reactions
• ADP is made
During what process is oxygen
released?
• Light reactions of photosynthesis
During which reactions is carbon
dioxide released?
• Kreb’s
Where is carbon dioxide used?
• Calvin (dark) Rxn
When does chemiosmosis occur?
• In the ETC of cell resp...and...
• In the ETC of photosynthesis
When is glucose oxidized to pyruvic
acid?
• glycolysis
What are the end products of the light
reactions of photosynthesis?
• Oxygen
• ATP
• NADPH
Which enzyme fixes carbon?
• Rubisco
• RuBP carboxylase
Where does all energy come from?
• The sun
How is water used in photosynthesis?
• It’s split so the electrons can travel through
the photosystems and connect with NADP+
If 1 mL of oxygen is consumed by peas
in 20 minutes, what is the respiration
rate?
• 1 mL / 20 minutes
• 0.05 mL/min
What effect does temperature have on
pea respiration?
• Peas respire faster at room temperature than
at cold temperatures
What are 3 environmental factors that
affect enzyme activity?
• Temperature
• pH
• Salinity
What is activation energy?
• The energy that must be overcome for a
reaction to proceed
What happens in the transition step
between glycolysis and Kreb’s?
• Pyruvic acid turns into Acetyl CoA
• Acetyl CoA goes into Kreb’s
• 2 NADH are made
Where do the electrons go during cell
respiration?
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Food 
NADH 
ETC 
Oxygen
Where do the electrons go in
photosynthesis?
• Water 
• NADPH 
• Calvin Cycle
What is the most abundant enzyme on
Earth?
• Rubisco
Your FRQ
• Review Labs!!
• Know how to make a graph!!