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Name:_______________________________ Civilization / Era: ROMAN EMPIRE Time Period: Date:_______________________________ Political Characteristics 753 BC – 600 AD Related Key Concepts 2.1. Development & Codification of Religious & Cultural Traditions 2.2. The Development of States & Empires 2.3 Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication & Trade Most Important Thing to Remember: Pagan Christian Empire Republic / Principate Technological Characteristics (Cultural) Experts in engineering: -Roads -Walls -Forts -Bridges -Aqueducts (water transport) Developments in architecture: -Domes (building roof feature) -Arches (building support) Concrete – durable building material 753 BC – 507 BC – 7 Kings of Rome (Romulus to several tyrants) 507 BC – 31 BC – Roman Republic Representative gov’t, heavily class-based: -Senate – elite aristocracy made decisions -Assembly – all male citizens had a voice -Civic offices – consul, tribune, praetors, etc. 450 BC – Twelve Tables established (concession to plebeians, offering a clarification of laws/policies of Rome) Rome grants citizenship to conquered peoples 264 BC – 202 BC – Punic Wars -Victory over Carthage nets Spain, Sicily, etc. 200 BC – 146 BC – Victory over Hellenistic kingdoms adds Middle East & Egypt lands 59 BC – 51 BC – Caesar conquers Gaul System of provincial governorships imposed on outlying territories (inadequate due to 1 yr terms, senators’ political aspirations, & greed) 88 BC – 31 BC – Roman Civil Wars -Aspiring military dictators vie for control (Ex: Sulla, Pompey, Caesar, Mark Antony, Octavian) Octavian ushers in a new era…. 31 BC – 330 AD – Roman Principate Empire ruled by dictator (emperor), though aspects of Republic maintained (Senate, etc) Octavian (Augustus) rules for 45 years -Reforms gov’t under his absolute authority, though rules by example w/ morality & honor -Provides equites (upwardly mobile middleclass) w/ civil service/admin. positions Achievements (Cultural) Rome’s central location in Italy allowed for unification there, then later of all Mediterranean region Apennines Mtns. run north-south, while Alps Mtns. shield the north Land rich in resources Rivers navigable, mountains passable Mild climate leads to year-round crops 80% of empire’s 50-50 million subjects lived rurally, though gov’t admin. & economic wealth centered in cities & towns Rome = population 1 million people Interaction with Environment Pax Romana – (Roman peace) Refers to the general safety/stability granted empire’s citizens by Roman military might Latin language – fosters Romance languages of Europe Greco-Roman achievements signify Roman studying of, imitating of, and improving upon Greek accomplishments of the past Religious Characteristics (Cultural) Economic Characteristics Early Romans based status, wealth, & privilege on land ownership & independent farming Latifundias – large estate farms -Established by unscrupulous wealthy prospectors, who bought/stole land from peasants away serving in army -Many switched from growing of grain to more lucrative herding/olive oil/wine -Led to huge rise in urban poor, grain shortage, need for imports, peasant unrest Manufacturing of glass, metalwork, pottery often exported for luxury goods from corners of empire Upper & Middle-class thrives on land/sea trade Belief in numina – invisible deities of nature, hearth, food, & fertility Belief in gods (notable similarities to Greek gods) Priests offered sacrifices to gods in exchange for favor/support of Roman state Jesus – Jew from Galilee (Israel) who defied status quo of mainstream Judaism that endured harsh Roman rule. Jewish authorities feared such an upstart & turned him over to local Roman leader Pontius Pilate, who had him executed. -Some frustrated w/ Roman rule & the seeming compliance of Jewish leaders denote him as possible Messiah (chosen one) to bring back the good ol’ days & kick out Romans 45 AD – 58 AD – Paul of Tarsus spreads ideals of Jesus to Jews & Gentiles of Greek-speaking Eastern Empire -Sect of Christianity (Christos = Greek for cross, symbol of Jesus’ public demise) grows slowly but surely -Disenfranchised of empire (women, urban poor, slaves, etc) possess spiritual hunger; are heavily attracted to promise of Heaven, ideals/morals professed by Jesus Hierarchy of priests/bishops develops Polytheistic Roman officials endorse violent persecution & suppression of growing Christian minorities to no avail; movement spreads Social Characteristics Patricians – aristocracy Plebeians – lower classes -Conflict of the Orders – term given the frequent disagreement between the 2 social classes Basic unit in life was family -Several generations & slaves -Head of household = all authority Patrons vs. Clients – accounted for all business, social, cultural activity Institutionalized inequality Roman women lacked political rights, but exercised economic freedom & received protection from family Evidence of women’s influence in art, poetry, & as advisors to their sons/husbands Civilization / Era: ROMAN EMPIRE Political Characteristics (cont.) (cont.) Time Period: 753 BC – 600 AD Related Key Concepts 2.1. Development & Codification of Religious & Cultural Traditions 2.2. The Development of States & Empires 2.3 Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication & Trade Most Important Thing to Remember: Pagan Christian Empire Religious Characteristics (Cultural) Republic / Principate Emperors following Augustus all technically receive affirmation of Senate, though possess absolute authority & control of army Later emperors would “adopt” a son, any man of noble deeds to succeed them 212 AD – Caracalla extends citizenship to all free adult males in empire 235 AD – 284 AD – 3rd Century Crisis -20 emperors claim title for short periods of time, killed by own men or ousted by rivals -Germanic invaders attack frontier, spurring trend of towns/cities constructing city walls -Treasury drained to ensure loyalty of army -Coins devalued of their precious metals -Trade/industry hurt 284 AD – 305 AD – Diocletian saves empire -Reforms help revive/transform Roman state -Sets max prices for goods to curb inflation -Froze workers & their sons into professions for life to maintain stable, trained workforce -Black market emerges in response, and many lose loyalty to a gov’t interfering in their lives 306 AD – 337 AD – Constantine takes over -Passes Edict of Milan – guaranteeing freedom of worship to all throughout empire (he converted & openly supported Christianity) -Moves empire’s capital from Rome to Byzantium, renamed Constantinople 527 AD – 565 AD – Justinian restores glory -Reconquers lost territory in N. Africa/Italy -Establishes Justinian Code of Laws (reflecting 1,000 yrs of Roman laws/ethics) 395 AD – Split into Western / Eastern empires 410 AD – Rome sacked by Visigoths 476 AD – Last emperor in Rome 530 AD – Rome’s political power gone, as empire fractures into Germanic kingdoms, and economic & social order disintegrate into chaos (Patriarch of Rome, eventually called Pope, still retains role as religious authority in Rome) 306 AD – 337 AD Constantine assumes throne -Passes Edict of Milan – guaranteeing freedom of worship to all throughout empire 325 AD – Nicene Creed established in meeting of Christian Church leaders -Sets up uniform religious practices all over -Establishes church hierarchy: Patriarch Bishops Priests 392 AD – Theodosius bans all pagan ceremonies; thus old gods no longer accepted Social Characteristics (cont.) All landowning males expected to provide military service & supply shield, armor, spear, & sword Patricians lived in elegant hilltop villas Urban poor crowded into smelly slums of tenements amidst disease & fire risks Romanization – spread of Latin language & culture throughout empire