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DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Purpose • DNA codes for proteins and is the blueprint for life. • The same DNA is found in all cells in your body (sex cells have half of the DNA)! • Only certain parts of the DNA molecule are read and used in each cell type. DNA and Chromosomes • Prokaryotes – DNA in circular form called “plasmid” – E. Coli has over 4.6 million base pairs! • Eukaryotes – Linear DNA in form of chromosome – Human cells contain about 3 billion base pairs! Chromosome Composition • A Nucleosome is DNA tightly wound around protein spheres called “histones” • Nucleosomes supercoil and become thick fiber of chromosomes • Nucleosomes play role in gene regulation – turning off and on genes Structure • Discovered by Watson and Crick in 1953 • Shaped like a twisted ladder called a “double helix” Rosalind Franklin • Used X-Ray diffraction to get information about the structure of DNA: Chargaff’s rules • The relative amounts of adenine and thymine are the same in DNA • The relative amounts of cytosine and guanine are the same. Nucleotide • Subunit of DNA • made up of a sugar, phosphate and one nitrogen base. What makes up the sides of DNA Ladder? 1. Deoxyribose sugar 2. Phosphate group • Run in opposite directions called “anti-parallel” • Important when copying DNA • Run in direction 5’-3’ Nitrogen bases make up Rungs Purines Pyrimidines (double ring) (single ring) Adenine-------(double H bond)--------Thymine Guanine-------(triple H bond)---------Cytosine Putting it all together • The order of bases in DNA makes you different from the person sitting next to you!