Download Study Guide - Communicable Diseases, Ch

Study Guide Communicable Diseases, Ch. 28
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Name __________________
1. Communicable Disease - An infectious, or contagious, disease that can
spread from person to person.
a) Examples of common Communicable diseases:
1) cold (2) Flu (3) Chicken
Pox
2. History of Communicable Diseases:
a) Smallpox - Killed millions of Native Americans who had no immunity.
(A viral infection whose symptoms include chills, nausea, vomiting, and feveralso, red spots on the skin, which change to blisters, filled with pus.)
b) Typhoid fever - Killed more soldiers during the Civil War, 1861-1865,
than died in battle.
(A bacterial infection whose symptoms include fever, pain in the extremities, ulcerations
or open sores in the intestines - hemorrhages; infect bone marrow or the membrane
covering the spinal cord.)
c) Bubonic plague — “The Black - Death.” (It’s primarily a disease of rats. It’s
characterized by swollen, inflamed lymph glands called “buboes.”)
1) It killed a quarter of Europe’s population in the 1300’s. (25 million
people.)
“Ring Around The Rosy”
Ring around the rosy
A pocketful of posies.
Ashes! Ashes!
We all fall down!
(This rhyme’s lyrics refer to the Bubonic Plague, which raged through England in 1666.)
3. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) communicable diseases that are spread
between people by sexual activity (Sexual activity includes sexual contact without
intercourse, and protected and unprotected sexual intercourse.)
a) Affect genitals and other body organs.
b) Used to be called Venereal Diseases (VD).
4. History of STDs:
a) Christopher Columbus and his crew returned from the New World to Europe
with
syphilis.
b) STDs follow armies during wartime.
5. Communicable Disease Ranking:
Instructions: Place a number ranking before each of these diseases. The disease you think
had the most reported cases in Michigan last year should be one (1) and the disease with
the least reported cases should be five (5). http://www.michigan.gov/mdch/0,1607,7-1322940_2955_2982---,00.html
________________ AIDS
146
(April 2011)
________________Gonorrhea
15,539*
________________Chlamydia
48,264*
________________Syphilis
224*
________________Tuberculosis (TB) 3.8*
Numbers for 2009 per 100,000
7,831 actual MI
Some Doctors may want to test for Chlamydia even though there are no symptoms
6, Communicable Disease Chain:
a) All communicable diseases have certain links in common.
b) The goal is to prevent communicable diseases.
c) We can prevent the spread of communicable diseases by
breaking one or more links in the CD Chain.
Susceptible host
Place of Entry
Method of Transmission
Place of Exit
Reservoir
Agent or Pathogen
6. Communicable Disease Chain Summary:
a) Agent: The pathogen, a microorganism, which causes infection.
1) Parasite- Organisms that live in or on another organism and derive
nourishment from it. (Example: a “crab” louse)
2) Virus -Consist of an inner core of genetic material surrounded by a
protective protein shell and is entirely dependent on
living
cells
for survival and reproduction. (Example: herpes virus)
Lives in the cells like a wolf in sheep’s clothing.
3) Bacteria—A single-celled microorganism that, after entering the
body, multiplies at a rapid rate through cell division.
(Example: a spirochete bacterium.)
4.) Fungi -Simple organisms that cannot make their own food.
(a) Some, called “saprophytes,” feed off dead animals, insects, and
leaves. (Example: a mushroom.)
b) The most common disease-causing fungi are “dermatophytes,” which cause
infections of the scalp or feet such as ringworm and athlete’s foot.
b) Reservoir: Any place pathogens (agents) can live.
1) Human or Animals;
2) Inanimate reservoirs: (1) soil (2) water , (3) air (4) food.
c) Place
of Exit: Where the pathogen leaves the reservoir.
1) Through body openings: (a)mouth (b) nose
(c) rectum (d) genitals (e) wounds
d) Method of Transmission: How the pathogen travels from the reservoir’s place of
exit to its destination.
1) Direct contact — An uninfected person comes into physical contact
with an infected person , an animal, or a contaminated object.
a) Kissing, sexual contact;
b) Feces and urine can contaminate soil or water_;
c) Contact with an infected sore.
2) Indirect contact —Bacteria and viruses can enter the body through
the lungs if droplets exhaled, coughed, or sneezed out by an infected person
are inhaled.
a) Sneeze, wind
e) Place of Entry: Place where the pathogen comes into the person.
1) Breathed in through the mouth. or nose;
2) Enters the mouth and digestive system;
3) Through cuts; (4) genitals.
f) Susceptible Host: Behaviors, conditions, environmental and inherited factors which
make a person more likely to get a disease.
1) Condition of body; (2) An acquired immunity 3) inoculation (4)
Proper hygiene; (5) No wounds
7. Breaking links in the “Communicable Disease Chain” by acquiring immunity:
a) Immunization-To gain resistance to, or protection against, a specific
disease.
b) Inoculation (vaccination, a “shot”) A method of giving a vaccine to produce
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artificial immunity.
c) Antibodies-Proteins released into the blood to neutralize or destroy invading
disease - causing pathogens.
d) Vaccines- Contain dead or weakened organisms that cause disease; i.e. viruses,
bacteria, and fungi, which cause the immune system to make antibodies
against the pathogen.
1) Live-virus vaccines- Made from weakened viruses.
(The weakened organisms can no longer cause the disease but can still stimulate
the production of antibodies.)
2) Killed-virus vaccines — Contain viruses that have been killed.
(The killed-virus vaccine causes the body to produce antibodies, but it is not as
powerful as a live-virus vaccine. Because it’s less powerful, people need booster
shots from time to time to reinforce the effect of the first vaccination.)
7. d) 3) Toxoids: Treated bacteria toxins which stimulate the
production of antibodies and establish active immunity against bacterial
diseases.
e) Antibiotics - Medicines that kill bacteria (Probiotics- DanActive and
Florajen, which contain the Lactobacillus culture- good bacteria, restore the body’s
natural microbial balance.)
f) Health practices (decision-making) that maintain a high level of
resistance
8. Links affected by the following:
a) Immunization / vaccines- susceptible
host
b) Antibiotics- agent or pathogen
exit
d) Use of disinfectants- reservoir, agent, Place
of exit, method of transmission.
e) Covering of mouth, nose, wounds Place of exit.
f) Staying away from sick people- Place of entry_,
susceptible host
g) Health practices (decision-making)- susceptible host
c) Washing hands- Place of
—
,
(Note: “Common Sense Measures” on pg. 635 in the textbook.)
9. The body’s immunity, or natural defenses, against communicable diseases:
a) Nonspecific defenses or “General defenses”:
(These innate, or inborn defenses, respond in the same way each time your body
is invaded by a foreign substance.)
1) Physical barriers- Our skin and mucous membranes.
2) Chemical barriers—Enzymes in tears and saliva , and acidic
digestive juices.
3) Body cells— white blood cells called phagocytes. (Travel in the
blood stream, group together to destroy pathogens in the blood.
4) Inflammatory response: Phagocytes enter the body tissues_.
(If pathogens break through the body’s outermost barriers, our body then goes into “red
alert.” Increased blood flow allows the phagocytes to continue to enter the infected body
tissue until the pathogens are destroyed.)
b) Specific Resistance:
(When the non-specific defenses, or general defenses, are not enough to protect
your body from disease, the adaptive immune system mounts specific attacks
against particular types of pathogens.)
1) Lymphocytes - A type of white blood cell that fights pathogens.
a) B Cells—Turn into plasma cells, which produce antibodies.
(Antibodies are proteins that destroy or neutralize invading pathogens.)
b) T Cells, two types- T- killer cells, which are stimulated to
multiply by the presence of
abnormal body cells, and T-
helper cells, which aid the activity of the B cells and
killer T cells.
(Killer T cells attach to abnormal body cells and release toxins that help destroy the
abnormal cells.)
Active immunity: The production of antibodies
against a specific agent by the immune system. Active
immunity can be acquired in two ways:
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
by contracting an infectious disease -- such
as, for example, chickenpox (a single virus);
or
by receiving a vaccination usually permanent
such as, for example, against polio.
Active immunity is permanent. The individual is
protected from the disease all their life. (Colds:
Many different kinds of viruses = limited
immunity)
Passive: from the mother to the baby in the
womb, immunity (anti-bodies) that cross(es) the
placenta. Temporary, immediate, short term