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Unit 4: Mechanisms of Inheritance – Review Test 1. There are four human blood types: A, B, AB, and O. Each person has one of these blood types, depending on the antigen(s) present on the surfaces of their red blood cells. This is a genetic trait. The chart below shows what antigens are present for each blood type. Blood Type Antigen on Surface of RBC’s A Antigen A B Antigen B AB Antigen A and Antigen B O none A man with blood type O and a woman with blood type AB have a child with the blood type A. Which of the following describes how this inheritance pattern is possible? a. The child inherited an A allele from each parent, both of whom are heterozygous for that trait. b. The gene is sex-linked, so the child received an A allele on her father’s X chromosome. c. A crossing over event occurred during meiosis that removed the O and AB alleles from the child’s DNA. d. The A allele is dominant in this family so the trait appears due to the recessive alleles the parents carry. 2. Sickle cell anemia is a blood disorder that affects the ability of RBC’s to deliver oxygen throughout the body. The table below shows the effects of various genotypes on the susceptibility for anemia as well as malaria. Note that persons that are heterozygous for the two alleles have a reduced chance of dying from either disorder. Genotype RR Rr rr Blood Cell Shape Normal Normal Sickle-shaped Sickle cell anemia No No Yes Vulnerability to Malaria Yes No No The allele frequency of the recessive allele r is 9% in a particular population. Which scenario would best predict what happens if malaria infections in this population dramatically increased? a. The R allele frequency will increase because normal alleles are dominant and will improve survival. b. The r allele frequency will increase because Rr individuals will survive better than RR individuals. c. Both R and r allele frequencies will decrease because there are selective pressures working against both of them. d. There will be no change in allele frequencies because the process of natural selection works on both alleles equally. 3. The history of the discovery of the DNA model is based on a collection of findings from multiple scientists. Although they didn’t all collaborate, their individual findings lead to the overall knowledge of the structure of DNA that was finally determined by James Watson and Francis Crick. Below is a list of accomplishments that lead to our view of DNA: -Chargaff found that AT and GC ratios are constant across phyla -Griffith found that a nonliving substance would transform living cells -Pauling proposed that DNA consists of a triple-helix structure -Levene identified the chemical structure of nucleotides -Hershey and Chase identified DNA as the carrier of hereditary information Which finding lead Watson and Crick to the conclusion that DNA is a double helix? a. b. c. d. Levene’s identification of nucleotide structures Griffith’s transformation theory Hershey and Chase’s DNA analysis Chargaff’s nucleotide ratios 4. Several human inheritable diseases are caused by mutation and then passed on to subsequent generations. Anyone who inherits the mutation is destined to suffer from the disease and then has a 50% chance of passing it on to their children. Which of the following is an ethical question posed about this idea? a. b. c. d. How can researchers use today’s technology to understand these diseases? Are genetic tests for these inheritable diseases reliable? Could we test human embryos for the mutations and select which survive? What kinds of environmental factors may lead to mutations that cause these diseases? 5. In Gregor Mendel’s experiments, pea plants produced round or wrinkled seeds. When he self pollinated certain plants, he produced pods with 100% round seeds as well as plants that have 100% wrinkled seeds. When each of these plants are cross pollinated, the resulting plant produced approximately 75% round and 25% wrinkled seeds. Which of the following statements supports the claim that heritable information passes from one generation to the next through meiosis followed by fertilization? a. There is insufficient information to support this premise. b. The P1 plants support the claim by showing that multiple traits do not show up when they are self pollinated. c. The F1 plants support the claim by showing that the wrinkled trait remains present after cross pollination. d. The F1 plants support the claim by showing that purity is preserved during the process of meiosis and fertilization. Free Response 1 In addition to seed shape (R = round and r = wrinkled), pea plants are either tall (T) or short (t). The diagram below shows the distribution of alleles in two chromosomes in two pea plants that cross-pollinate. R r t R T T Genotype: Female RR TT r t Male rr tt Phenotype: Round, Tall Wrinkled, Short In the box at the top of the next page, DRAW a diagram to illustrate the basic steps involved in gamete formation in the female parent. Label each step. (5 points) DRAW a diagram to illustrate gamete formation in the male parent. Label each step. (5) DRAW a diagram to illustrate a fertilization event that produces one possible zygote. DESCRIBE the genotype and phenotype of this zygote. (4 points) DESCRIBE how many other different zygotes would have been possible. Explain your reasoning. (2 points) DESCRIBE how the number of possible zygotes would have been different if one of the plants had the genotype RRTt. Explain your reasoning. (2 points) Free Response 2 Two traits in cats are eye color (B = blue and b = yellow) and length of tail (T = long and t = short). CALCULATE the number of different gametes produced by a female cat with the genotype BBtt. (1 point) CALCULATE the number of different gametes produced by a male cat with the genotype bbTT. (1 point) CALULATE the number of different genotypes represented in the F1 generation produced from a cross between a female BBtt x male bbTT. (1 point) CALULATE the number of different gametes produced by a female cat or male cat with the genotype BbTt. (1 point) DRAW a Punnett square to show the results of a cross between a female BbTt and male BbTt. (8 points) Suppose the cat pair have 64 kittens. How many of the F1 organisms would be expected to have blue eyes and short tails? (1 point) Suppose the cat pair have 32 kittens. CALCULATE the number that would be expected to have yellow eyes and short tails. (1 point) Suppose the cat pair have 32 kittens. CALCULATE the number that would be expected to have yellow eyes and long tails. (1 point) Suppose the cat pair have 32 kittens. CALCULATE the number that would be expected to have blue eyes and long tails. (1 point)