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DNA DNA Childhood Vaccine ACTIVITY Objectives Vocabulary Terms Nitrogenous Bases Rosalind Franklin RESEARCH DNA Express LAB DNA & Heredity WKST Lesson 1 Review 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 191a 74 POINTS PAGE 185 Childhood Vaccinations ACTIVITY PAGE 186 DNA Objectives • Describe the structure and function of DNA • Identify that viruses are special pieces of DNA • Explain some changes in DNA that can lead to health problems • Explain that organisms have systems to fight diseases PAGE 187 DNA Molecules Vocabulary Terms • Sugar-phosphate backbone - the negativelycharged backbone of a nucleic acid strand • Nitrogenous base – a nitrogen-containing molecule attached to a nucleotide • Guanine (G) – a double-ringed nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA • Thymine (T) – a single-ringed nitrogenous base found in DNA • Cytosine (C) – a single-ringed nitrogenous base found in DNA PAGE 187 DNA Molecules Vocabulary Terms • Uracil (U) – a single-ringed nitrogenous base found only in RNA • Complementary base pairing – the pairing of the nitrogenous bases adenine to thymine and cytosine to guanine in DNA strands PAGE 188 Nitrogenous Bases PAGE 189 Rosalind Franklin RESEARCH • PAGE 190 – DNA Express LAB • PAGE 191 – DNA & Heredity WKST DNA Molecules ALMOST DAILY REVIEW GAME 1. Name the sugar that is in RNA. 2. Name the color of Spongebob’s squarepants. 3. Adenine pairs with _____ and guanine pairs with _____. 4. Shrek pairs with _____. 5. What is the shape of DNA? DNA DNA Replication Vocabulary Terms DNA Replication PICTURE DNA Replication WKST Lesson 2 Review Modeling DNA LAB 192-193 194 195 195a 196-197 57.5 POINTS PAGE 192 DNA Replication Vocabulary Terms • • • • Replication – the process DNA uses to copy itself Bacteriophage – a virus that infects bacteria Virus – a type of germ that is not living Marker – a material, such as an atom, used to mark an item • Semi-conservative replication – a model of DNA replication in which an old strand of DNA is used to make a new strand of DNA • Template – a pattern used for copying PAGE 192-193 DNA Replication Vocabulary Terms • Origin of replication – a site where DNA replication begins • Replication bubble – an area in which DNA replication is occurring with both strands unwound and being used as templates • Replication fork – the end of a replication bubble in which DNA polymerase is actively adding nucleotide bases to a new strand • DNA polymerase – an enzyme that adds new nucleotide bases to a new strand during DNA replication PAGE 193 DNA Replication Vocabulary Terms • Leading strand – the side of the replication fork where the newly made DNA is in one piece • Lagging strand – the side of the replication fork where the newly made DNA is in several small pieces • DNA ligase – an enzyme that bonds all pieces of newly made DNA to make one strand PAGE 194 DNA Replication PAGE 195 DNA Replication WKST • PAGES 196-197 – Modeling DNA LAB ▫ Supplies: colored paper, tape, craft sticks DNA Replication ALMOST DAILY REVIEW GAME 1. Name of the enzyme that adds new bases. 2. Name of Jay-Z’s wife. 3. The place where DNA replication occurs. 4. The place where Elvis fans flock to. 5. The strand with small pieces of newly made DNA. DNA Genetic Information 198-200 Vocabulary Terms Replication Transcription Translation 201 202 203 Codon CHART Finding Sickle-Cell Anemia ACTIVITY DNA PRACTICE Mutations Thirsty for Knowledge Thursday Genetic Information WKST Extracting DNA LAB Lesson 3 Review 203b 204-205 205a 206 207 208 209-210 210a 90.5 POINTS PAGE 198 Genetic Information Vocabulary Words • Transcription – the creation of an RNA molecule using the bases in a DNA molecule as a template • Translation – the creation of a protein using the bases in an RNA molecule as a template • RNA polymerase – an enzyme that adds RNA nucleotides to a new RNA molecule • Messenger RNA (mRNA) – an RNA molecule that carries instructions for the order of amino acids in a protein • Promoter – the sequence of DNA at the beginning of genes PAGE 198-199 Genetic Information Vocabulary Words • Terminator – ARNOLD!! – the sequence of DNA that signals the end of transcription • RNA splicing – the removal of introns from an mRNA strand • Intron – a part of mRNA that does not have protein-making instructions • Exon – a part of mRNA that has protein-making instructions • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – an RNA molecule found in ribosomes that positions mRNA during translation PAGE 199-200 Genetic Information Vocabulary Words • Transfer RNA (tRNA) – an RNA molecule that brings in amino acids during translation • Genetic code – a specific code used to translate base sequences in RNA into amino acid sequences in proteins • Anticodon – a complementary three-base sequence to the codon found in tRNA • Mutation – a change in the sequence of DNA • Mutagen – a physical or chemical material that cause changes in DNA PAGE 200 Genetic Information Vocabulary Words • Substitution – a mutation in which one nucleotide base is replaced with another • Deletion – a mutation in which one or more nucleotide bases are removed from a DNA sequence • Insertion – a mutation in which one or nucleotide bases are added to a DNA sequence PAGE 201 How to make DNA into Proteins • Replication – “repeat” ▫ DNA → DNA ▫ happens during the S Stage of Interphase (REMEMBER YOUR MITOSIS!!) ▫ Practice replicating PAGE 202 How to make DNA into Proteins • Transcription – scribe = write – “rewrite” ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ DNA → RNA Initiation – DNA unwinds and unzips Transcription – DNA is rewritten into RNA Termination – DNA is proofread and cut PAGE 203 How to make DNA into Proteins • Translation – new language – “translate” ▫ RNA → Protein PAGE 204-205 Sickle Cell Sequencing ACTIVITY PAGE 206 Mutations • Original DNA strand ▫ THE MAN SAT ONA MAT • Substitution ▫ THE MAN SIT ONA MAT • Deletion ▫ THE MNS ATO NAM AT • Insertion ▫ THE MAN SSA TON AMA T PAGE 207 Thirsty for Knowledge Thursday Trivia • The sun’s ultraviolet (UV) radiation can cause the joining of thymine bases in DNA. If the joined thymine bases are not fixed by repair enzymes, they interfere with DNA replication. They may cause skin cancer. The earth is protected from UV radiation by a layer of ozone molecules. The use of chemicals called CFCs has caused ozone levels to decrease. Thirsty for Knowledge Thursday Trivia • Myth: A mutation occurs because of an environmental need. • Fact: Mutations occur at random. By chance, a mutation may increase an organism’s odds of survival • Interestingly enough, people who have sickle cell anemia are immune to malaria (a nasty little parasite that is spread through mosquito bites) • PAGE 208 – Path of Genetic Info WKST • PAGE 209-210 – Extracting DNA LAB