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DNA
DNA
Childhood Vaccine ACTIVITY
Objectives
Vocabulary Terms
Nitrogenous Bases
Rosalind Franklin RESEARCH
DNA Express LAB
DNA & Heredity WKST
Lesson 1 Review
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74 POINTS
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Childhood Vaccinations ACTIVITY
PAGE 186
DNA
Objectives
• Describe the structure and function of DNA
• Identify that viruses are special pieces of DNA
• Explain some changes in DNA that can lead to
health problems
• Explain that organisms have systems to fight
diseases
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DNA Molecules
Vocabulary Terms
• Sugar-phosphate backbone - the negativelycharged backbone of a nucleic acid strand
• Nitrogenous base – a nitrogen-containing
molecule attached to a nucleotide
• Guanine (G) – a double-ringed nitrogenous base
found in DNA and RNA
• Thymine (T) – a single-ringed nitrogenous base
found in DNA
• Cytosine (C) – a single-ringed nitrogenous base
found in DNA
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DNA Molecules
Vocabulary Terms
• Uracil (U) – a single-ringed nitrogenous base
found only in RNA
• Complementary base pairing – the pairing of the
nitrogenous bases adenine to thymine and
cytosine to guanine in DNA strands
PAGE 188
Nitrogenous Bases
PAGE 189
Rosalind Franklin RESEARCH
• PAGE 190 – DNA Express LAB
• PAGE 191 – DNA & Heredity WKST
DNA Molecules
ALMOST DAILY REVIEW GAME
1. Name the sugar that is in RNA.
2. Name the color of Spongebob’s squarepants.
3. Adenine pairs with _____ and guanine pairs
with _____.
4. Shrek pairs with _____.
5. What is the shape of DNA?
DNA
DNA Replication
Vocabulary Terms
DNA Replication PICTURE
DNA Replication WKST
Lesson 2 Review
Modeling DNA LAB
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57.5 POINTS
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DNA Replication
Vocabulary Terms
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Replication – the process DNA uses to copy itself
Bacteriophage – a virus that infects bacteria
Virus – a type of germ that is not living
Marker – a material, such as an atom, used to
mark an item
• Semi-conservative replication – a model of DNA
replication in which an old strand of DNA is
used to make a new strand of DNA
• Template – a pattern used for copying
PAGE 192-193
DNA Replication
Vocabulary Terms
• Origin of replication – a site where DNA
replication begins
• Replication bubble – an area in which DNA
replication is occurring with both strands
unwound and being used as templates
• Replication fork – the end of a replication
bubble in which DNA polymerase is actively
adding nucleotide bases to a new strand
• DNA polymerase – an enzyme that adds new
nucleotide bases to a new strand during DNA
replication
PAGE 193
DNA Replication
Vocabulary Terms
• Leading strand – the side of the replication fork
where the newly made DNA is in one piece
• Lagging strand – the side of the replication fork
where the newly made DNA is in several small
pieces
• DNA ligase – an enzyme that bonds all pieces of
newly made DNA to make one strand
PAGE 194
DNA Replication
PAGE 195
DNA Replication WKST
• PAGES 196-197 – Modeling DNA LAB
▫ Supplies: colored paper, tape, craft sticks
DNA Replication
ALMOST DAILY REVIEW GAME
1. Name of the enzyme that adds new bases.
2. Name of Jay-Z’s wife.
3. The place where DNA replication occurs.
4. The place where Elvis fans flock to.
5. The strand with small pieces of newly made
DNA.
DNA
Genetic Information
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Vocabulary Terms
Replication
Transcription
Translation
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Codon CHART
Finding Sickle-Cell Anemia ACTIVITY
DNA PRACTICE
Mutations
Thirsty for Knowledge Thursday
Genetic Information WKST
Extracting DNA LAB
Lesson 3 Review
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90.5 POINTS
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Genetic Information
Vocabulary Words
• Transcription – the creation of an RNA molecule
using the bases in a DNA molecule as a template
• Translation – the creation of a protein using the
bases in an RNA molecule as a template
• RNA polymerase – an enzyme that adds RNA
nucleotides to a new RNA molecule
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) – an RNA molecule
that carries instructions for the order of amino
acids in a protein
• Promoter – the sequence of DNA at the
beginning of genes
PAGE 198-199
Genetic Information
Vocabulary Words
• Terminator – ARNOLD!! – the sequence of DNA
that signals the end of transcription
• RNA splicing – the removal of introns from an
mRNA strand
• Intron – a part of mRNA that does not have
protein-making instructions
• Exon – a part of mRNA that has protein-making
instructions
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – an RNA molecule
found in ribosomes that positions mRNA during
translation
PAGE 199-200
Genetic Information
Vocabulary Words
• Transfer RNA (tRNA) – an RNA molecule that
brings in amino acids during translation
• Genetic code – a specific code used to translate
base sequences in RNA into amino acid
sequences in proteins
• Anticodon – a complementary three-base
sequence to the codon found in tRNA
• Mutation – a change in the sequence of DNA
• Mutagen – a physical or chemical material that
cause changes in DNA
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Genetic Information
Vocabulary Words
• Substitution – a mutation in which one
nucleotide base is replaced with another
• Deletion – a mutation in which one or more
nucleotide bases are removed from a DNA
sequence
• Insertion – a mutation in which one or
nucleotide bases are added to a DNA sequence
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How to make DNA into Proteins
• Replication – “repeat”
▫ DNA → DNA
▫ happens during the S Stage of Interphase
(REMEMBER YOUR MITOSIS!!)
▫ Practice replicating
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How to make DNA into Proteins
• Transcription – scribe = write – “rewrite”
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DNA → RNA
Initiation – DNA unwinds and unzips
Transcription – DNA is rewritten into RNA
Termination – DNA is proofread and cut
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How to make DNA into Proteins
• Translation – new language – “translate”
▫ RNA → Protein
PAGE 204-205
Sickle Cell Sequencing ACTIVITY
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Mutations
• Original DNA strand
▫ THE MAN SAT ONA MAT
• Substitution
▫ THE MAN SIT ONA MAT
• Deletion
▫ THE MNS ATO NAM AT
• Insertion
▫ THE MAN SSA TON AMA T
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Thirsty for Knowledge Thursday
Trivia
• The sun’s ultraviolet (UV) radiation can cause
the joining of thymine bases in DNA. If the
joined thymine bases are not fixed by repair
enzymes, they interfere with DNA replication.
They may cause skin cancer. The earth is
protected from UV radiation by a layer of ozone
molecules. The use of chemicals called CFCs has
caused ozone levels to decrease.
Thirsty for Knowledge Thursday
Trivia
• Myth: A mutation occurs because of an
environmental need.
• Fact: Mutations occur at random. By chance, a
mutation may increase an organism’s odds of
survival
• Interestingly enough, people who have sickle cell
anemia are immune to malaria (a nasty little
parasite that is spread through mosquito bites)
• PAGE 208 – Path of Genetic Info WKST
• PAGE 209-210 – Extracting DNA LAB