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Phasing out ozone-depleting substances: Industry responses to more sustainable consumption and production Jacques de Gerlache, Ph.D. senior toxicologist Sustainability & Crisis Corporate Communications, Solvay, & European Fluorocarbons Technical Committee (EFCTC) SOLVAY Plan of the presentation 1. Developing and Marketing of ODS alternatives 2. Producer / Consumer issues with alternatives 3. some Lessons learned 4. Two remaining challenges SOLVAY The Montreal Protocol 20th Anniversary “Perhaps the single most successful international environmental agreement to date” • Atmospheric levels of key ozone depleting substances are going down : some chlorinated solvents, CFCs, soon H-CFCs; – Ozone layer should return to pre-1980 levels by 2050 to 2075 • Substantial climate benefits – Climate impact : Approximately 25 billion tonnes of CO2 weighted global warming gasses reduction by 2000 SOLVAY From CFCs phase out to H-CFCs phase out AFEAS CFCs Annual Production Tonnes 450,000 400,000 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-113 CFC-114 20 04 20 03 20 02 20 01 20 00 19 99 19 98 19 97 19 96 19 95 19 94 19 93 19 92 19 91 19 90 19 89 19 88 19 87 19 86 19 85 19 84 19 83 19 82 19 81 19 80 0 HCFCs Consumption Reduction Schedule- Montreal Adjustment 2007 CFC-115 120% Base Level 1989 Base Level 2009/2010 Average Base Level 2015 100% Article 5 Adjustment 80% 60% 40% 20% Non A5 Adjustment 0% 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 SOLVAY 2035 2040 2045 Absolute production of CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs => HFCs replace CFCs and H-CFCs with much less amounts SOLVAY Developing and Marketing of ODS alternatives AFEAS CFCs,HCFCs (excl. HCFC 22 feedstock) & HFCs Annual Production Tonnes 1,200,000 1,000,000 CFCs 800,000 600,000 HCFCs 400,000 200,000 HFCs 19 80 19 81 19 82 19 83 19 84 19 85 19 86 19 87 19 88 19 89 19 90 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 0 CFCs HCFCs HFCs SOLVAY GWP-weigthed emissions of CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs compared to fossil fuel CO2 SOLVAY SOLVAY Consumers issues : Find alternatives to CFCs and H-CFCs in targetted applications • HFCs are used where they provide a better answer than other solutions, or where other solutions cannot be used due to safety, health or technical reasons. SOLVAY Consumers issues : are alternatives to CFCs and H-CFCs equally safe ? Majors characteristics of HFCs : • • • • low-toxicity, low inflammability, energy-efficiency, drop-in replacements. SOLVAY Meanwhile, although without impact on the ozone layer, HFCs are greenhouse gases • Their Global Warming Potential (GWP) however is in general lower than the CFCs and HCFCs they replace ; • Their containment and responsible use over the lifetime of their applications can lead to overall climate benefits. SOLVAY Too often, the debate is focused solely on the GWP Equally important are : • THE QUANTITIES OF GAS EMITTED: compared to the huge amounts of CO2, CH4 or NOx emitted, the F-gases are minor contributors to the climate impact; • THE REAL LIFETIME OF THESE GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE: HFCs are essentially degraded in the atmosphere within decades; in contrast, CO2 emissions persist for centuries. SOLVAY 1st lesson learn : (H)-CFCs substitution : the most important contribution to the decrease of greenhouse gas emissions • In 1990, CFCs represented 25% of greenhouse gas emissions ;. • In 2010, the HFCs replacing them will represent only 2%. This achievement, made possible with HFCs, represents about 4 times the objectives of the Kyoto Protocol. SOLVAY 2D lesson learn : "don't force to danse quicker than the music can play" In 1994, a company in Europe was the first to stop producing CFCs ; Some months later the Commission was forced to autorise imports from outside Europe because it was technically not possible to shift so quickly from CFCs to alternatives, including H-CFCs ! Who took advantage of this ? Neither Europe, neither the ozone layer . SOLVAY F-gases as alternative to (H)-CFCs may contribute to reduce further the greenhouse effect. Why ? BECAUSE THEIR ENERGY EFFICIENCY : • Over the lifetime of an application, the reduction in climate impact resulting from the improved energy efficiency obtained by using an HFC in some applications can be more important than the impact resulting from the HFC used if it was emitted (which is not necessarily the case). • Energy efficiency improvements from using HFCs and the impact of their use through the lifetime of the equipment should thus be considered via Life Cycle Climate Performance analysis (LCCP), case by case, before imposing use restrictions and bans. • Studies are available for insulation foam or the refrigeration chain. SOLVAY A first remaining challenge : collect and recycle or destroy remaining (H)-CFCs • Mainly CFCs and H-CFCs "banks" in old appliances ; • The whole chain of users has to be involved ; partnerships are the key ; cost management is a must ; • Producers are ready to play their role : a European producer has a industrial unit operating in Germany to destroy CFCs and HFCs which recycle Fluorhydric acid and this company has a system in place with customers to recycle SF6 . • A balance between regulation and incentives is a key to the success. SOLVAY A second remaining challenge : Monitoring and containing F-gas emissions This is the objective of the F-Gas Regulation 842/2006 • Key Measures applied from 4 July 2007 – Containment and some specific use bans • Current focus on Implementation – Labelling & Reporting requirements – Leakage Inspection Requirements – Training & Certification • F-Gas Review by 4 July 2011 – Industry wants to make F-Gas a success and show that containment works SOLVAY Figaroo : a website to provide practical information to users on F-gas regulation application • A single, searchable point to promote up to date information on F-Gas. • Highlights Member State activity and interpretation in one place. • Provide answers to questions and examples of best practice. www.figaroo.org SOLVAY From containment to bans : About the MAC directive Estimate of Impact of EU MAC Directive EU HFC 134a MAC use 120 HFC 134a, relative to 2005=100 100 80 all new vehicle ban on use of HFC 134a new vehicle types ban on use of HFC 134a 60 40 service of existing vehicles 20 20 19 20 18 20 17 20 16 20 15 20 14 20 13 20 12 20 11 20 10 20 09 20 08 20 07 20 06 20 05 20 04 20 03 20 02 20 01 20 00 20 99 20 98 19 97 19 96 19 95 19 94 19 19 19 93 0 One condition : alternatives to HFCs in MAC appliances to be technically reliable and economically affordable at large scale SOLVAY Conclusion F-gases represented a unique opportunity to contribute to save the ozone layer AND to contribute significantly to the decrease of greenhosue gas emissions . Used responsably in specific key societal applications, HFCs remain often the preferable and a sustainable solution "Ne jetez pas le bébé avec l'eau du bain !" SOLVAY thank you for your attention SOLVAY