Download Intro PPT2016

ECOLOGY
Intro PPT Notes
Human Epoch/impact
Oh Deer and Population Ecology Notes
WHAT IS ECOLOGY?
1. Ecology comes from the GREEK Words OIKOS
(HOUSE OR PLACE WHERE ONE LIVES) and
LOGOS (STUDY OF).
2. Ecology then means the Study of the “House”
in which We Live.
3. Ecology can be defined more specifically as a
living HOUSEHOLD with an economy in which
EACH ORGANISM PLAYS A ROLE.
4. The Earth includes a tremendous variety of
living things. Each organism Depends in some
way on other living and nonliving things in its
Environment.
5. Ecology involves collecting information about
organisms and their environment, looking for
patterns, and seeking to explain these
patterns.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION (PAGE 64)
Biosphere
• The surface of the Earth as a whole is
an Ecosystem. We call the Surface of
the Earth the BIOSPHERE.
• The Biosphere is the surface of the
Earth (AIR, WATER, and LAND) Where
Living Things Exist.
Biomes
• Biomes are regions of the world with similar climate (weather,
temperature) animals and plants. There are
terrestrial biomes (land) and aquatic biomes, both freshwater
and marine.
Ecosystems
• The Biosphere is composed of smaller units
called ECOSYSTEMS. An Ecosystem includes all
the Organisms and the Nonliving Environment
found in a particular place.
• Ecosystems can be as large or as small as we
decide. Any area you decide to Study can be
considered an Ecosystem.
SEE the Movie
• 4. You may choose to study your backyard or
a Wildlife refuge.
Community
• Populations are individual species, all the
interacting Organisms (All The Different
Populations) that live in a particular area make
up a COMMUNITY. The Physical Location of a
Community is called the HABITAT.
Populations
• A Population includes all the members of the
Same Species that Live in one place at one
time.
Organism
The simplest Level of Organization in Ecology is
that of the ORGANISM.
Diversity
• The Diversity of an Ecosystem is a measure of
the number of different species there, and
how common each species is.
• Ecosystems are very Complex. They can
contain hundreds or even thousands of
interacting species.
THE ROLE OF CLIMATE
•
1. Weather is day to day whereas CLIMATE is
year to year averages of temperature and
precipitation in a region.
2. Three major influences on CLIMATE are
1. Greehouse effect – which is?
2. Location on globe
3. Air currents
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
• Draw this into
your notes and label
* Page 87
Figures 4-1 and 4-2 Heating of the Earth’s Surface
and Some Factors That Affect Climate
Section 4-1
Greenhouse Effect
Different Latitudes
90°N North Pole
Sunlight
Sunlight
Some heat
escapes
into space
Greenhouse
gases trap
some heat
Arctic circle
Sunlight
Most direct sunlight
66.5°N
Tropic of Cancer
Equator
0°
Tropic of Capricorn 23.5°S
Sunlight
Atmosphere
Arctic circle
Earth’s surface
23.5°N
Sunlight
66.5°S
90°S South Pole
LOCATION ON GLOBE
• Due to angle of heating by the sun there are
three main climate zones: polar, temperate
and tropical
POLAR
TEMPERATE
TROPICAL
TEMPERATE
POLAR
AIR CURRENTS
• Unequal heating and cooling of Earth’s surface
drives winds and ocean currents.
BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS (PAGE 90)
1. An Ecosystem possesses both LIVING
COMPONENTS OR BIOTIC FACTORS and
NONLIVING OR ABIOTIC FACTORS.
Abiotic factors
2. The Nonliving Factors, called Abiotic Factors,
are Physical and Chemical Characteristics of
the environment. They include Solar Energy
(Amount of Sun Light), Oxygen, CO2, Water,
Temperature, Humidity, pH, and availability of
Nitrogen.
Biotic Factors
3. The Living Components of the environment are called Biotic
Factors. They include all the Living Things. Biotic Components
are often categorized as Producers, Consumers, and
Decomposer. They also included organic matter, like animal
waste or a dead plant or animal.
4. The area in which an organism lives = habitat
CHANGES in the Environment
* Big and small differences in abiotic factors
such as temp. make a huge impact on
organisms living in a particular habitat.
THE NICHE (page 91)
1. Each organism or species in the community
has a ROLE or PROFESSION in that
community and in ecology this is the
organisms NICHE.
2. A species’ NICHE is it’s way of life, or role the
species plays in the environment.
3.The Niche includes the range of conditions
that the species can tolerate, resources it
obtains and number of offspring, its time of
migration, etc.
Figure 4-5 Three Species of Warblers and
Their Niches
Section 4-2
Cape May Warbler
Feeds at the tips of branches
near the top of the tree
Bay-Breasted Warbler
Feeds in the middle
part of the tree
Spruce tree
Yellow-Rumped Warbler
Feeds in the lower part of the tree and
at the bases of the middle branches
Species Interactions
Community Relationships
PAGES 92-93
Competition
• -/• Both organisms are competing for the same
resources
Predation
• +/• Most familiar interaction
• Natural selection has
allowed a lot of these
organisms to evolve
together
Symbiosis
• Two species living close together
• 3 main types
– Mutualism
– Commensalism
– Parasitism
Mutualism
• +/+
• Both organisms get a
benefit
Commensalism
• +/0
• One species benefits; the
other one is not effected
Parasitism
• +/• Ectoparasites- outside of body
• Endoparasites- inside of body
Mimicry
• A way to avoid predation
• An organism looks like a
distasteful or poisonous
organism
• Sometimes both
organisms are distasteful
Density-dependent factors
A. Have a greater effect the larger the
population.
1. Competition for limited natural resources.
2. Predation -predator/prey relationships.
3. Parasitism - hosts are easier to find and
infect.
4. Crowding - territorial stress.
5. Disease- increased chance of getting sick.
Density-independent factors
A. The population’s size doesn’t matter.
B. Usually natural disasters like severe
storms, drought or other climatic
conditions.
Biotic Factors
• Any organic material related to living
organisms (living or dead)
• What are some examples?
• Plants, animals, animal waste, detritus,
protists
Abiotic Factors
• Non organic components that were never associated
with life
• What are some examples?
• Water, rocks, wind, light
How do these interact?
Energy Flow
Each organism plays a role in the
ecosystem according to where it
fits in the cycle of energy flow:
• Producers vs. Consumers
• Types of Producers
• Types of Consumers
Producers
• Create their own energy
through chemical
processes
• Base of all food chains
• Also known as
Autotrophs
• Marine examples?
Consumers
• Obtain energy through
other organisms
• Also known as Heterotrophs
• Marine examples?
Types of Producers
• Photosynthesis is the
use of light energy to
drive the reaction
6CO2 + 6H2O 
carbohydrates + 6O2
• ex.: plants, algae
• Chemosynthesis is the
use of inorganic
molecules to produce
carbohydrates
• ex.: bacteria found in
extreme conditions
Types of Consumers
• Herbivores consume
producers for energy
• Carnivores eat other
consumers for energy
More Consumers
• Detritivores consume
detritus (organic
remains and waste) for
energy
• Decomposers break
organic matter down
into more simple
components
What are Humans?
• Omnivores– consume
producers and other
consumers to obtain
energy
Feeding Relationships
Food chains are one way
directional pathway
showing predation and
energy flow
Food webs are multidirectional display of predation pathways
Trophic Levels are levels of predation at which
each group of organisms is found
• Primary level = producers
• Secondary level and above =
consumers
• Decomposers recycle organic
material
• Energy is passed along
predatory chain
• Use the picture to describe
multiple food chains having
3 or more trophic levels
Ecological Pyramids – 72-73
Energy Pyramid
• Shows the amount of energy
used, stored, or lost at each
trophic level
• Only 10% of the total energy
is passed to the next trophic
level
• 90% is used by the organism
for cell respiration and
movement, or is lost as heat
Biomass Pyramid
• Displays the amount of
organic tissue present at
given trophic levels
• Usually the highest
biomass is at trophic
level one (producers)
• Why? What types of
ecosystems may be
exceptions to this?
– Marine systems
Numbers Pyramid
• Shows the quantity of
individual organisms at
each trophic level
• Producers are often not
the most abundant
• In which types of
ecosystems might this be
the case? Why?
– deserts
Fundamental Niche
4. The FUNDAMENTAL NICHE is the Range of
Conditions that a species can Potentially
Tolerate and the Range of Resources it can
Potentially Use.
Realized Niche
5. The REALIZED NICHE of a species is the Range
of Resources It Actually Uses.
Generalist Niche
6. GENERALIST are species with Broad Niches;
they can tolerate a range of conditions and
use a variety of resources. Species that have
narrow Niches, such as the Koala, are called
SPECIALIST.
Producers
• 2 Types
• 1. Photosynthetic Producers
• 2. Chemosynthetic Producers
Succession Movie
See Movie
Ecological Succession
A. Succession - the process where an existing
community is gradually replaced by another one.
1. May take hundreds or thousands of years.
B. Types of succession
1. Primary Succession - occurs on surfaces where no soil
exists, e.g. lava flows and glacial melts
a) Pioneer Organisms - first to populate the area e.g. lichens, grasses
and mosses help build-up the soil.
2. Secondary Succession
a)
Occurs in an established ecosystem after it is destroyed or
damaged by a disaster.
E.g. Fires, floods, agriculture, etc.
b) Climax Community - is a somewhat stable, permanent community.
Succession in Marine environment
• Use pages 96-97 to discuss the steps involved
in Marine ecological succession.
Changes in the Environment
• Abiotic factors are not constant
• Temperature: changes day by day, season by
season and even hour by hour
– Big differences in temperature are important to
organisms, as well as, slight variations in
temperature
Tolerance Curve
• Graphs an organisms performance versus
values of an environmental variable (such as
temperature)
• An organism cannot survive in areas outside
of its tolerance limits
• Fig 19-8; pg. 369
Acclimation
• Some organisms adjust to their tolerance to
abiotic factors through the process of
acclimation
• Figure 19-9; pg. 370
Control of Internal Conditions
• Conformers – do not regulate internal conditions but
change as their external environment changes
– Ex lizards
• Regulators- use energy to control their internal
homeostasis
– Ex Humans
• Both – some animals use both controls
– Ex Tuna
Escape
• Dormancy- reduced activity over long periods
of time to avoid unfavorable environmental
conditions
• Migration – move to a more favorable
environment
Resources
• The energy and materials required by an
organism to survive
– Ex: food, water, shelter
Quiz
1. Which type of ecological succession occurs
after a wild fire?
2. The relationship between whale and
barnacle is described as _____________ or a
+/0 type relationship.
3. The level of ecological organization that is
most inclusive is called ______________.