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Introduction to Meteorology Earth Science – S1 Vocabulary Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Meteorology Greenhouse effect Ionosphere Greenhouse gasses Temperature inversion Weather • • • • • • • • • • Climate Ozone Insolation Wind chill Humidity Dew point Fog Cloud Dew Frost What is Weather? Weather Meteorology Is the State of the atmosphere at a given Time and Place. Includes types of clouds Rain, snow etc. – Precipitation Storms even dust storms Measure of temps pressure, wind speed, direction and amount of moisture in the air. Study of the entire atmosphere. Including the weather. Also the study of how the atmosphere heats and cools How clouds form and produce rain What makes the wind blow. Past and Present climates. Composition of the atmosphere Atmosphere of other planets. Venus Tools of Many , instruments have been meteorology developed. i.e.. Thermometer Lab experiments. Mathematical models of the atmosphere and use of computers and satellites. Most useful Simple direct observation. Tells a lot. Cloudy-rainy cool: Clearwarmer and dry. Even humidity and pressure can be observed. Clouds Certain clouds come with weather and others foretell rain. What professions would benefit from weather forecasting??? People who look at the weather. Farmers/Sailors and others dependent on weather become skilled at forecasting the weather. A cloud formation predicts the coming of a storm. Red in the morning better take warning: red at night take delight. Weather Models and Scales Models and Scales Beaufort Scale Help Scientist accurately predict the weather. Relates the wind speed to its effects on land and sea. Wind Chill Scale The use of this chart can help convert the actual temperature outside to the temp the body would feel if exposed to the air and wind. This adjusted temperature indicates the potential danger of frostbite in the outside air. Frostbite Frostbite is, literally, frozen body tissue - usually skin but sometimes deeper and must be handled carefully to prevent permanent tissue damage or loss. Here is an example of frostbite. There are four degrees of frostbite. This is and example of fourth degree frost bite where only amputation of the affected area will save the patient. Composition of atmosphere Gasses Air and Water. Mixture. Oxygen, Nitrogen make up 99%of dry air volume. 1% argon and carbon dioxide. Others … He, H, neon, ozone and krypton. This air thins out quickly as you increase altitude. Air always contains some water vapor. Humidity. Ozone Importance Result?? Cause or depletion of the ozone Is a form of oxygen gas. A molecule of ozone contains three oxygen atoms. A molecule of oxygen contains only two oxygen atoms. Ozone forms when ultraviolet light rays from the sun act on the oxygen in the upper most part of the atmosphere about 10 to 50 km up. It absorbs 99% of the harmful ultraviolet rays. If the atmosphere has less ozone, more ultraviolet rays reach Earth’s surface, causing more sunburns, skin cancer and plant damage. Chlorofluorocarbons or (cfc) Combo of chlorine, fluorine, and carbon. Used in coolants and foam products CFCs break down ozone. Ozone Ozone measurements since 1970 show a hole in this protective layer of gas centered over Antarctica. Montreal Protocol – http://viewpure.com/tnp0YU3u1r4 Layers of Earth’s Atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Ionosphere Exosphere Video http://viewpure.com/3CerJbZ-dm0 Layers of the Earths Atmosphere. Troposphere Temperature decreases with “tropo” means elevation all earths clouds are changing located here. Contains 80% of mass. 0-18 km Stratosphere Temp rises with elevation. Contains ozone layer. Little or no “strato”means weather here. 18-50km layers Temp cools with elevation. Air Mesosphere molecules become ionized. 50“meso” means 80km middle Thermosphere “thermo” means heat Ionosphere Exosphere “exo” means outer Temp rises with elevation meteors and northern lights happen here. 80-500 km Consists of mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. Special layer of the atmosphere occurs from 65-500 km up. Ions are formed when UV light from the sun knock electrons off of oxygen atoms. These layers reflect radio waves back to earth Each layer can reflect a different frequency. Affected by solar events. Extends toward space. Northern Lights Are caused by solar events . The eruptions of solar energy interact with Earth’s magnetic fields at the poles. Together with the air particles they form auroras. – http://viewpure.com/7Mz2laHjVoQ Northern Lights. Green House Effect Green house effect. Green house gasses. Earth surface radiates infrared heat waves. These waves are reflected back by water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In a green house the glass roof acts like the carbon dioxide and water vapor in the air. It lets the light in to heat up the soil but does not let the infrared waves out. Gasses that thicken the atmosphere. – Water vapor – C02 – Methane E. Importance of the Atmosphere 1. Stable environment 2. Protection from sun & meteoroids 3. Warmth- water can exist as a liquid “The Atmosphere” Video Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. What does the atmosphere block? Describe Bill’s “atmosphere cylinder” experiment, & what were his findings? How do pilot’s determine their current altitude? Describe the difference of air pressure between Death valley & on top of a mountain. Why the difference? 5. Why do your ear’s pop in a plane? 6. Order the five layers of the atmosphere from highest to lowest. 7. Why is it warmer in low cities than in the high mountains? 8. How are Earth’s atmosphere and a greenhouse similar? 9. Bill must run around the track _______ times to simulate the height of the troposphere. 10. Name three topics of the atmosphere that were described in the “weather rap.” Video Bill Nye: atmosphere – http://viewpure.com/UZP2pn9Kc44