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Transcript
Natural Selection and the Evidence of Evolution Section 15.1 1. Offset your 3 papers and make a foldable. 2. Title the top flap the title above 3. Title the Other flaps: 1. What is evolution? 2. Darwin-Travels and Influence 3. Natural Selection 4. Evidences—Adaptations, Fossil 5. Evidences—Anatomical, Embyological, Biochemical Flap 1--What is evolution? The change in populations over time. Flap 2--Who is Charles Darwin? • English scientist/naturalist whose ideas provide foundation for the theory of evolution by natural selection • Sailed on HMS Beagle for 5 years studying and collecting biological and fossil specimens Major Ports of Call… • Galapagos Islands – Location: Near equator, 1000km off west coast of S. America – What he studied: many species of animals and plants unique to the island, but are similar elsewhere – Major findings: Observations led to his consideration that species change over time Thomas Malthus’ Influence on Darwin • Proposed idea that human populations grow faster than Earth’s food supply Darwin’s book… • 1859, The Origin of Species • Detailed account on his ideas and theories that support evolution Flap 3—Natural Selection • Realized organisms struggle to compete in changing environments. Many types of competition exist: – Food and space – Escaping predators – Location of shelter Insights into why only certain individuals survive… • Traits vary among populations; these traits are inherited • Breeding with others that had desirable traits produced offspring with these traits Darwin’s Hypothesis… • Artificial Selection- breeding organism with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits • There is force in nature that works like artificial selection What is natural selection? • Mechanism of change in populations over time Flap 4-What are adaptations? • Variation that aids an organisms chances of survival in its environment • Develop in a species over many generations Structural Adaptations Examples • Teeth and Claws – Protect against predators • Mimicry – Enables one species to resemble another • Camouflage – Enables species to blend with surroundings Physiological Adaptation • What are they? – Changes in organism’s metabolic processes • Example: – After years of exposure to specific pesticides, insects and weeds have become resistant Fossil Evidence • Indirect source • Provide record of early life based upon rock layers and location of fossils within them. • As record becomes more complete, the sequence of evolution is clearer Example: Archeoptryx earliest, most primitive bird ~145 mya Flap 5-Anatomical Evidence Homologous- common evolutionary origin, features have similar structure but have different functions. Ex-bat wing and human hand Anatomical Evidence • Analogous- no common ancestor, but similar in function. Organisms like the shark and dolphin evolved sleek bodies because they live in similar environments, not because they are related. Anatomical Evidence • Vestigial- body structure in present day organism that no longer serves original purpose Embryological Evidence The more similar the embryos through out development the closer the evolutionary relationship. Biochemical Evidence • Great table on page 403! • All organisms share DNA, ATP and many enzymes among their biochemical molecules . The more changes the more time that has passed since they shared a common ancestor.