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CHAPTER
8
VOCABULARY & NOTES WORKSHEET
The Evolution of Living Things
By studying the Vocabulary and Notes listed for each section below, you can gain
a better understanding of this chapter.
SECTION 1
Vocabulary
In your own words, write a definition for each of the following terms in the space
provided.
1. adaptation
2. species
3. evolution
5. fossil record
6. vestigial structure
Notes
Read the following section highlights. Then, in your own words, write the highlights in
your ScienceLog.
• Evolution is the process by which populations change over time. Those changes are
inherited. Over many generations, newer species may replace older species through
the process of evolution.
• Evidence of a common ancestor for all organisms can be provided by the following: the
fossil record, comparisons of skeletal structures found in related species, comparisons of
the embryos of distantly related vertebrates, and the presence of DNA in all living
organisms.
• Species that are closely related have DNA that is more alike than DNA of distantly
related species.
60
HOLT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
4. fossil
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The Evolution of Living Things, continued
SECTION 2
Vocabulary
In your own words, write a definition for each of the following terms in the space
provided.
1. trait
▼
▼
▼
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER 8
2. selective breeding
3. natural selection
4. mutation
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The Evolution of Living Things, continued
Notes
Read the following section highlights. Then, in your own words, write the highlights in
your ScienceLog.
• Charles Darwin developed an explanation for evolution after years of studying the
organisms he observed on the voyage of the Beagle.
• Darwin’s study was influenced by the concepts of selective breeding, the age of the
Earth, and the idea that some organisms are better equipped to survive than others.
• Darwin explained that evolution occurs through natural selection. Natural selection can
be divided into four parts:
(1) Each species produces more offspring than will survive to reproduce.
(2) Individuals within a population are slightly different from one another.
(3) Individuals within a population compete with one another for limited resources.
(4) Individuals that are better equipped to live in an environment are more likely to
survive and reproduce.
• Evolution is explained today by combining the principles of natural selection with the
principles of genetic inheritance.
SECTION 3
Vocabulary
In your own words, write a definition for each of the following terms in the space
provided.
2. speciation
Notes
Read the following section highlights. Then, in your own words, write the highlights in
your ScienceLog.
• Natural selection allows a population to adapt to changes in environmental conditions.
• Evidence of natural selection can be seen by studying generations of organisms that
have developed resistance to an insecticide or antibiotic.
• Natural selection also explains how one species may evolve into another through the
process of speciation.
62
HOLT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
1. generation time
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CHAPTER
8
CHAPTER REVIEW WORKSHEET
The Evolution of Living Things
USING VOCABULARY
To complete the following sentences, choose the correct term from each pair of terms
listed below, and write the term in the space provided.
1. One species evolves into another through the process of
(adaptation or speciation)
.
2. A group of similar organisms that can mate with one another to produce offspring
is known as a
. (fossil or species)
3. A(n)
helps an organism survive better in its
environment. (adaptation or vestigial structure)
4.
is the process by which populations change over time.
(Natural selection or Evolution)
5. In
, humans select traits that will be passed from one
generation to another. (selective breeding or natural selection)
UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Multiple Choice
7. Although Darwin did not realize it, the variations he observed among the individuals
of a population of finches were caused by
a. genetic resistance.
b. mutations.
c. fossils.
d. selective breeding.
8. The theory of evolution combines the principles of
a. natural selection and artificial selection.
b. natural selection and genetic resistance.
c. selective breeding and genetic inheritance.
d. natural selection and genetic inheritance.
9. Fossils are commonly found in
a. sedimentary rock.
b. igneous rock.
c. granite.
d. loose sand or granite.
10. A human’s arm, a cat’s front leg, a dolphin’s front flipper, and a bat’s wing
a. have similar kinds of bones.
b. are used in similar ways.
c. share many similarities with insect wings and jellyfish tentacles.
d. have nothing in common.
STUDY GUIDE
63
CHAPTER 8
.
▼
▼
▼
6. A change in a gene at the DNA level is called a
(mutation or trait)
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The Evolution of Living Things, continued
11. The fact that all organisms have DNA as their genetic material is evidence that
a. natural selection occurred.
b. all organisms descended from a common ancestor.
c. selective breeding takes place every day.
d. genetic resistance rarely occurs.
12. Darwin thought the common ancestor of the Galápagos finches came from
a. Africa.
c. South America.
b. North America.
d. Australia.
13. What body part of the Galápagos finches appears to have been most modified by
natural selection?
a. their webbed feet
b. their beaks
c. the bone structure of their wings
d. the color of their eyes
Short Answer
15. How do the fossils of whales provide evidence that whales have evolved over millions
of years?
64
HOLT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
14. Describe the four parts of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
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The Evolution of Living Things, continued
16. What might account for gaps in the fossil record?
CONCEPT MAPPING
CHAPTER 8
17. Use the following terms to create a concept map: struggle to survive, genetic variation,
Darwin, overproduction, natural selection, successful reproduction.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
▼
▼
▼
STUDY GUIDE
65
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Name _______________________________________________ Date ________________ Class______________
The Evolution of Living Things, continued
CRITICAL THINKING AND PROBLEM SOLVING
19. Many forms of bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics, drugs that kill disease-causing
bacteria. Based on what you know about how insects evolve to resist insecticides, suggest how bacteria might evolve to resist antibiotics.
66
HOLT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Write one or two sentences to answer the following questions:
18. In selective breeding, humans influence the course of evolution. What determines the
course of evolution in natural selection?
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The Evolution of Living Things, continued
20. Two species of squirrels live on opposite sides of the Grand Canyon, in Arizona.
The two squirrels look very similar, but they cannot interbreed to produce offspring.
Explain how a single species of squirrel might have become two species.
INTERPRETING GRAPHICS
Infant Deaths
by Birth Weight
Infant Births
by Birth Weight
Percentage of deaths
100
15
10
5
0
2
4
6
8
10
Weight in pounds
▼
▼
▼
Percentage of births
20
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER 8
Use the following graphs to answer questions 21, 22, and 23.
10
1
2
4
6
8
Weight in pounds
21. What is the most common birth weight?
STUDY GUIDE
67
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Name _______________________________________________ Date ________________ Class______________
The Evolution of Living Things, continued
22. What birth weight has the highest survival rate?
23. How do the principles of natural selection help explain why there are more deaths
among babies with low birth weights than among babies of average birth weights?
NOW WHAT DO YOU THINK?
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Take a minute to review your answers to the ScienceLog questions at the beginning of the
chapter. Have your answers changed? If necessary, revise your answers based on what you
have learned since you began this chapter. Record your revisions in your ScienceLog.
68
HOLT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Menu
Print
Name _______________________________________________ Date ________________ Class______________
CHAPTER
8
VOCABULARY & NOTES WORKSHEET
The Evolution of Living Things
By studying the Vocabulary and Notes listed for each section below, you can gain
a better understanding of this chapter.
SECTION 1
Vocabulary
In your own words, write a definition for each of the following terms in the space
provided.
1. adaptation a hereditary characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its
environment
2. species the most specific of the seven levels of classification; characterized by a group of
organisms that can mate with one another to produce fertile offspring
3. evolution the process by which populations accumulate inherited changes over time
5. fossil record a historical sequence of life indicated by fossils found in layers of the Earth’s crust
6. vestigial structure the remnant of a once-useful anatomical structure
Notes
Read the following section highlights. Then, in your own words, write the highlights in
your ScienceLog.
• Evolution is the process by which populations change over time. Those changes are
inherited. Over many generations, newer species may replace older species through
the process of evolution.
• Evidence of a common ancestor for all organisms can be provided by the following: the
fossil record, comparisons of skeletal structures found in related species, comparisons of
the embryos of distantly related vertebrates, and the presence of DNA in all living
organisms.
• Species that are closely related have DNA that is more alike than DNA of distantly
related species.
60
HOLT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
4. fossil the solidified remains or imprints of once-living organisms
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Name _______________________________________________ Date ________________ Class______________
The Evolution of Living Things, continued
SECTION 2
Vocabulary
In your own words, write a definition for each of the following terms in the space
provided.
1. trait distinguishing qualities that can be passed from one generation to another
▼
▼
▼
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER 8
2. selective breeding breeding of organisms that have a certain desired trait
3. natural selection the process by which organisms with favorable traits survive and reproduce
at a higher rate than organisms without the favorable trait
4. mutation a change in the order of the bases in an organism’s DNA; deletion, insertion, or
substitution
STUDY GUIDE
61
Menu
Print
Name _______________________________________________ Date ________________ Class______________
The Evolution of Living Things, continued
Notes
Read the following section highlights. Then, in your own words, write the highlights in
your ScienceLog.
• Charles Darwin developed an explanation for evolution after years of studying the
organisms he observed on the voyage of the Beagle.
• Darwin’s study was influenced by the concepts of selective breeding, the age of the
Earth, and the idea that some organisms are better equipped to survive than others.
• Darwin explained that evolution occurs through natural selection. Natural selection can
be divided into four parts:
(1) Each species produces more offspring than will survive to reproduce.
(2) Individuals within a population are slightly different from one another.
(3) Individuals within a population compete with one another for limited resources.
(4) Individuals that are better equipped to live in an environment are more likely to
survive and reproduce.
• Evolution is explained today by combining the principles of natural selection with the
principles of genetic inheritance.
SECTION 3
Vocabulary
In your own words, write a definition for each of the following terms in the space
provided.
generation
2. speciation the process by which two populations of the same species become so different
that they can no longer interbreed
Notes
Read the following section highlights. Then, in your own words, write the highlights in
your ScienceLog.
• Natural selection allows a population to adapt to changes in environmental conditions.
• Evidence of natural selection can be seen by studying generations of organisms that
have developed resistance to an insecticide or antibiotic.
• Natural selection also explains how one species may evolve into another through the
process of speciation.
62
HOLT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
1. generation time the period between the birth of one generation and the birth of the next
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Name _______________________________________________ Date ________________ Class______________
CHAPTER
8
CHAPTER REVIEW WORKSHEET
The Evolution of Living Things
USING VOCABULARY
To complete the following sentences, choose the correct term from each pair of terms
listed below, and write the term in the space provided.
speciation
1. One species evolves into another through the process of
(adaptation or speciation)
.
2. A group of similar organisms that can mate with one another to produce offspring
is known as a
species
. (fossil or species)
adaptation
3. A(n)
helps an organism survive better in its
environment. (adaptation or vestigial structure)
4.
Evolution
is the process by which populations change over time.
(Natural selection or Evolution)
selective breeding
5. In
, humans select traits that will be passed from one
generation to another. (selective breeding or natural selection)
mutation
UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Multiple Choice
7. Although Darwin did not realize it, the variations he observed among the individuals
of a population of finches were caused by
a. genetic resistance.
b. mutations.
c. fossils.
d. selective breeding.
8. The theory of evolution combines the principles of
a. natural selection and artificial selection.
b. natural selection and genetic resistance.
c. selective breeding and genetic inheritance.
d. natural selection and genetic inheritance.
9. Fossils are commonly found in
a. sedimentary rock.
b. igneous rock.
c. granite.
d. loose sand or granite.
10. A human’s arm, a cat’s front leg, a dolphin’s front flipper, and a bat’s wing
a. have similar kinds of bones.
b. are used in similar ways.
c. share many similarities with insect wings and jellyfish tentacles.
d. have nothing in common.
STUDY GUIDE
63
CHAPTER 8
.
▼
▼
▼
6. A change in a gene at the DNA level is called a
(mutation or trait)
Menu
Print
Name _______________________________________________ Date ________________ Class______________
The Evolution of Living Things, continued
11. The fact that all organisms have DNA as their genetic material is evidence that
a. natural selection occurred.
b. all organisms descended from a common ancestor.
c. selective breeding takes place every day.
d. genetic resistance rarely occurs.
12. Darwin thought the common ancestor of the Galápagos finches came from
a. Africa.
c. South America.
b. North America.
d. Australia.
13. What body part of the Galápagos finches appears to have been most modified by
natural selection?
a. their webbed feet
b. their beaks
c. the bone structure of their wings
d. the color of their eyes
Short Answer
14. Describe the four parts of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
The four parts of Darwin’s theory of evolution are as follows: (1) overproduction, during which
each species produces more offspring than will survive; (2) genetic variation, which states that
each individual has a unique combination of traits. Some traits increase the chances that the
for limited resources. Some will not compete successfully and will not survive to adulthood;
(4) successful reproduction, which states that those individuals that are well-adapted and have
traits that help them survive in their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
15. How do the fossils of whales provide evidence that whales have evolved over millions
of years?
Fossils of the stages of whale evolution have been discovered that clearly indicate their sequence
of change from land-dwelling carnivores to sea-dwelling mammals.
64
HOLT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
individual will survive and reproduce; (3) struggle to survive, which states that individuals compete
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Name _______________________________________________ Date ________________ Class______________
The Evolution of Living Things, continued
16. What might account for gaps in the fossil record?
The required conditions for fossil formation are rare. The shell or bones must be completely
covered in sediment in an anaerobic environment.
CONCEPT MAPPING
17. Use the following terms to create a concept map: struggle to survive, genetic variation,
Darwin, overproduction, natural selection, successful reproduction.
Darwin
developed a
theory of
CHAPTER 8
natural
selection
which includes
the steps
struggle to
survive
genetic
variation
▼
▼
▼
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
successful
reproduction
overproduction
STUDY GUIDE
65
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Name _______________________________________________ Date ________________ Class______________
The Evolution of Living Things, continued
CRITICAL THINKING AND PROBLEM SOLVING
Write one or two sentences to answer the following questions:
18. In selective breeding, humans influence the course of evolution. What determines the
course of evolution in natural selection?
Conditions in the environment to which organisms must be adapted are part of the selection
process in nature. Natural selection is the process of adaptation over time to changes in environmental conditions. The genetic changes that bring about adaptation in a species are thought to
19. Many forms of bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics, drugs that kill disease-causing
bacteria. Based on what you know about how insects evolve to resist insecticides, suggest how bacteria might evolve to resist antibiotics.
A course of antibiotics may leave behind bacteria that have traits that help them survive. The
survivors may reproduce, producing more individuals that have the survival trait. In this way, a
strain of bacteria may become immune to an antibiotic.
66
HOLT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
determine the course of evolution through natural selection.
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Name _______________________________________________ Date ________________ Class______________
The Evolution of Living Things, continued
20. Two species of squirrels live on opposite sides of the Grand Canyon, in Arizona.
The two squirrels look very similar, but they cannot interbreed to produce offspring.
Explain how a single species of squirrel might have become two species.
Individual organisms in a population have their own unique set of traits. When a population
becomes separated over time, each separate group may evolve in a different direction. Eventually,
the groups may become different genetically and they are no longer able to interbreed. Even
though they may retain a similar appearance, they have become separate species.
INTERPRETING GRAPHICS
Infant Deaths
by Birth Weight
Infant Births
by Birth Weight
Percentage of deaths
100
15
10
5
0
2
4
6
8
10
Weight in pounds
▼
▼
▼
Percentage of births
20
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER 8
Use the following graphs to answer questions 21, 22, and 23.
10
1
2
4
6
8
Weight in pounds
21. What is the most common birth weight?
The most common birth weight is seven pounds.
STUDY GUIDE
67
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Name _______________________________________________ Date ________________ Class______________
The Evolution of Living Things, continued
22. What birth weight has the highest survival rate?
Infants with a birth weight of seven pounds have the highest survival rate.
23. How do the principles of natural selection help explain why there are more deaths
among babies with low birth weights than among babies of average birth weights?
Human babies are best adapted to survive at a birth weight of about seven pounds.
NOW WHAT DO YOU THINK?
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Take a minute to review your answers to the ScienceLog questions at the beginning of the
chapter. Have your answers changed? If necessary, revise your answers based on what you
have learned since you began this chapter. Record your revisions in your ScienceLog.
68
HOLT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY