* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Evolution - Diversity of Life
Survey
Document related concepts
The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals wikipedia , lookup
Acquired characteristic wikipedia , lookup
Evidence of common descent wikipedia , lookup
Precambrian body plans wikipedia , lookup
Transitional fossil wikipedia , lookup
Hologenome theory of evolution wikipedia , lookup
Theistic evolution wikipedia , lookup
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex wikipedia , lookup
Evolving digital ecological networks wikipedia , lookup
Genetics and the Origin of Species wikipedia , lookup
Saltation (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Paleontology wikipedia , lookup
The eclipse of Darwinism wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Evolution - Diversity of Life Biological Evolution Essentially the process whereby _______________________ arise from earlier species by accumulated changes Often referred to as ___________________________________ The change in the inherited traits (genotypes/phenotypes) of a species over a period of time is sometimes called ___________________________ The process of __________________ proceeds with time o Increasing numbers of species appear, becoming increasingly ____________________ o The pattern of this, over time, looks like a branching tree o Close clusters of branches/tips are most _____________, or most closely related History of Evolutionary Thought Early Ideas On Earth’s Organisms o ________________ believed species were _______ creations arranged by their complexity Early Ideas On Earth’s Organisms o Idea lasted 2000 years ________________ – 1st to group similar organisms and assign them __________ names Two word name (Genus species) Known as Binomial nomenclature Contributor’s to Darwin’s thinking included: o o James Hutton - ______________________ Scottish geologist who studied invertebrate fossils in Paris Museum Changes in the Earth’s crust were due to slow _________________ processes ___________ changes over a long period of time will produce vast changes Charles ______________ - Uniformintarianism The processes that alter the Earth are ____________ through time...they are still happening today (erosion of mountains, volcanoes, etc.) First proposed that the Earth was ___________ of years old, rather than thousands. Published his work right before Darwin set sail on his voyage. It helped Darwin understand some of the strange things he discovered o Ex: Sea shells in the Andes Mountains at 12,000+ feet __________ sea level Georges Cuvier – ________________________ Studied fossils in rock strata in Paris Found that some _____________ completely disappeared in more recent layers Proposed that entire species of organisms had become ______________ due to catastrophic natural events (erupting volcanoes, floods, etc.) o Thomas ______________ – Struggle for existence English cleric and scholar, focusing on political economy & demography Effects of __________________ growth on society Proposed that population size is regulated and limited by available ______________ o John Baptiste ________________ – Inheritance of acquired Characteristics and Law of Use and Disuse o Alfred Russel Wallace – organisms evolved from _______________________________ Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution o Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, 1809 o One Of First Scientists To Understand That _______________ Occurs Over ____________ o Stated that Changes Are __________________ To Environment acquired in an organism’s lifetime o Said acquired changes were passed to offspring o Law of _________________________________ o If a body part were used, it got stronger If a body part NOT used, it deteriorated Use & Disuse - Organisms Could ____________ The Size Or Shape Of Organs By Using Them Or Not Using Them o Blacksmiths & Their Sons (muscular arms) Giraffe’s Necks (Longer from stretching) Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics Proposed That By Selective _______________________ Of Organs, Organisms Acquired Or Lost Certain Traits During Their Lifetime o These Traits Could Then Be Passed On To Their Offspring Over Time This Led To _____________________ _____________________ Of Acquired Traits o Traits Acquired During Ones Lifetime Would Be Passed To Offspring Tendency Toward ___________________ Organisms Are Continually Changing and Acquiring Features That Help Them Live more ________________________ In Their Environment Example: Bird Ancestors Desired To Fly So They Tried Until Wings Developed. Then their offspring were born with wings. Lamarck’s Mistakes o Lamarck Did NOT Know how traits were _____________ (Traits are passed through genes) o Genes Are _______ Changed By Activities In Life o Change Through ________________ Occurs Before An Organism Is Born Charles Darwin the Naturalist Born Feb. 12, _________ Joined Crew of HMS Beagle, ________ Naturalist _____Year Voyage around world Avid Collector of Flora & Fauna Astounded By Variety of Life Darwin did not foresee himself getting into the field of evolutionary biology. He wanted to be a ___________ like his father, but he could not stand the sight of blood and the savagery of surgery. He then wanted to be a ______________, but he did not want to study. He preferred riding and shooting to studying. He eventually became interested in ______________ through his fascination with such animals as barnacles, beetles and pigeons. He changed his path at college and took more biology courses as he developed a great love of _________________ (yes, the classification stuff!) A professor recommended Darwin for work as an unpaid ______________ on a voyage around the world upon the ____________________, under captain Robert Fitzroy. This journey not only changed Darwin’s life, but also the face of biology forever… Darwin Left England in 1831 and returned 5 years later in 1836 The Galapagos Islands Small Group of ________________________ 1000 km West of South America Very Different Climates from the surrounding area Animals on the Islands were Unique ___________________ Iguanas ___________________ Island species ____________ from mainland species & varied from island-to-island Each island had tortoises with different __________ types and ___________ lengths o They were unique to their particular island ________________ on the islands resembled a mainland finch _____________________ of finches appeared on the islands where the available food was different (seeds, nuts, berries, insects…) Finches had different types of _____________ adapted to their type of food gathering Darwin’s Observations & Conclusions - The Struggle for Existence Darwin’s Observations o Patterns of _____________________ were seen o He observed Unique ______________________ in organisms o Species Were Not Evenly ________________________ Australia had Kangaroos, but No Rabbits S. America had Llamas o Both Living Organisms & _____________ were collected o Fossils included: o Trilobites Giant _______________________ of South America Left unchecked, the number of organisms of each species will increase ____________________, generation to generation o But in nature, populations tend to remain ____________ in size o Environmental resources are ________________ o Individuals of a population _________ extensively in their characteristics with no two individuals being ______________________. o Much of this variation between individuals is ____________________. Darwin’s Conclusion o Production of more individuals than can be supported by the environment leads to a ________________________________ among individuals o Only a fraction of offspring survive each generation o ___________________________________ o Individuals who inherit characteristics ________________ for their environment are likely to leave more offspring than less fit individuals o Called _________________________________ Darwin’s Theory of Evolution - Organisms Change Over Time The unequal ability of individuals to __________ and _________________ leads to a gradual change in a population, with favorable characteristics accumulating over generations (natural selection) New ______________ evolve Evolution is the __________________________ change in a population of organisms _______________________ Common Descent with Modification o Darwin proposed that organisms descended from _________________________________ o The idea that organisms ___________ with time, diverging from a common form o Caused evolution of new ______________ Descent With Modification o Takes Place Over _________ Periods of Time o ______________________________ Can Be Observed As Changes In Body Structures Ecological Niches Habitats o Species Today Look _________________ From Their Ancestors o Each Living Species Has o _________________ With Changes From Other Species __________________ Implies All Living Organisms Are _______________ All Species, Living & Extinct, Were Derived From ______________________ Single Tree of Life Natural Selection _____________________________ is the Driving force for evolution. During the struggle for resources, the strongest (most fit) survive & reproduce o ___________________________ He had the idea that at least some of the differences between individuals, which impact their survival and fertility, were ____________________ Survival of the Fittest o o Fitness Ability of an Individual To ________________________________ Central To The Process Of Evolution _______________________ Inherited Characteristic That Increases an Organisms Chance for Survival Adaptations can be _________________ o Speed, Camouflage, Claws, Quills, etc. _________________ o Solitary, Herds, Packs, Activity, etc. Evolutionary Time Scales _______________________ - Long time scale events that create and destroy species. _______________________ - Short time scale events (generation-to-generation) that change the genotypes and phenotypes of populations.