Download Evolution Powerpoint

5. Evolution and Biodiversity
• Central Concepts: Evolution is the result
of genetic changes that occur in constantly
changing environments. Over many
generations, changes in the genetic makeup of populations may affect biodiversity
through speciation and extinction.
• 5.1 Explain how evolution is demonstrated
by evidence from the fossil record,
comparative anatomy, genetics, molecular
biology, and examples of natural selection.
Chapter 15-1 The Puzzle of Life’s
Diversity
• 1809 _______________ – Father of Evolution.
Naturalist from England. Sailed on the surveying
ship HMS Beagle and traveled to various lands.
• During his travels, Darwin made numerous
observations and collected evidence that led him
to propose ______________________________
_______________________________________.
Darwin’s Observations

______________________ – organisms seemed well
suited to their environment! There were SO many different
types of similar organisms (68 different types of beetles in the
Brazilian rainforest). Was there such way that leads to variety.
Why were certain types or organisms only found in certain
areas? How were they so well suited for their environment?

______________________ – Darwin collected the
preserved remains of ancient organisms from many places
(fossils). Why have so many species disappeared and how were
they related to living things.

______________________ – One of the most influential
places - off the coast of S. America. They were close together –
they have very different climates very different organisms (from
hot, dry  nearly barren; lots of plants  few plants).
 __________ – 16 different types of birds – differed in
color and beak shape (based on what they ate.
o ___________ – varied from one island to another.
Darwin observed that the characteristics of many
animals and plants varied noticeably among the different
islands of the Galapagos
15-3 Darwin Presents His Case
• Darwin put his thoughts and evidences into a book (title above).
• Inherited variation and artificial selection
• __________________________ – nature provided variation, and
human selected those variations that they found useful. Horse/dog
breeders; farm animals (breed the best ones – not the worst)
• __________________________ – process by which individuals that
are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most
successfully (survival of the fittest)
  Fitness – _______________________________________
  Adaptation – ___________________________________
• _____________________________________________________.
  Descent with modification – ________________________
• _____________________________________________________,
establish different niches, or occupy different habitats. (that’s why they
look different from their ancestors)
_____________________
______________________
• Darwin argued that living things have been
evolving on earth for millions of years.
FOSSILS
• __________________________________
• fossils lower in rocks and mountains are
older than those in higher areas. They also
show that organisms changed a LOT over
time. Gaps remain in the fossil record.
HOMOLOGOUS BODY
STRUCTURES
_______________________________
__________________________________.
Provide evidence that all four-limbed
vertebrates have descended with
modifications from common ancestors.
VESTIGIAL ORGANS
• ___________________________________
• ___________________________________
• ___________________________________.
It may not affect an organisms ability to
survive and reproduce, so natural selection
did not eliminate the organ
EMBRYOLOGY
_______________________________
__________________________________
_______________________________
4 Evidences for Evolution
•
•
•
•
1_______________________________
2_______________________________
3_______________________________
4_______________________________
DARWINS THEORY
1. Individual organisms differ, some
variation is heritable
2. organisms produce more organisms than
survive
3. Organisms compete for limited resources
4. Most fit organisms survive
5. species alive today are descended with
modification
• 5.2 Describe species as reproductively
distinct groups of organisms. Recognize
that species are further classified into a
hierarchical taxonomic system (kingdom,
phylum, class, order, family, genus,
species) based on morphological,
behavioral, and molecular similarities.
Describe the role that geographic isolation
can play in speciation.
SECTION 18-1 Finding Order in
Diversity
• SCIENTISTS HAVE IDENTIFIED MORE THAN ____________
_______________________ OF ORGANISMS ON EARTH, BUT
ESTIMATE 40 MILLION SPECIES INHABIT THE EARTH.
 
A Universal System is necessary to have clear communication
among scientists worldwide. A system that required an International
System for Classifying and Naming all organisms.
 
2,000 years ago Greek philosopher ___________________
classified things as either Plant or Animal and then as land dwellers,
water dwellers and animal dwellers.
 
Scientists found that Using __________________________,
such as robin or fir tree, for an organism presented its own
problems; common names varied from on locale to the next and
common Names May Not describe species accurately.
 
__________________________ in the mid-1700s, Swedish
Biologist established a simple system for classifying and naming
organisms (taxology). He developed a Hierarchy for classifying
organisms based on __________________________ (using what it
looks like to categorize it)
Today we have SEVEN LEVELS OF
CLASSIFICATION:
•
A. __________________ (largest classification)
B. __________________
C. __________________
D. __________________
E. __________________
F. __________________
G. __________________ (smallest classification)
KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GRAPE SODA.
  __________________________________ is a 2 name
system based on the organims’s genus and species.
•
• SAMPLE: Acer rubrum - RED MAPLE TREE
•
Acer is the Latin name for Maple (genus)
•
rubrum is the Latin word for Red (species)
•
OR THE NAME CAN BE ABBREVIATED AS:
A. rubrum.
•
HUMANS ARE NAMED: Homo sapiens
•
Homo because of our large brain and upright posture.
sapiens because of our intelligence and ability to
speak.
CHAPTER 18-2 Modern
Evolutionary Classification
• When placing an organism into a Taxonomic
Category, Modern Taxonomists May consider its:
• _______________________ (what it looks
like)
• _______________________
• ______________________________________
• _______________________
• _____________________________________
SECTION 18-3, Kingdoms
and Domains
• THE SIX-KINGDOM SYSTEM
• ARCHAEBACTERIA, EUBACTERIA, PROTISTA,
FUNGI, PLANTAE, AND ANIMALIA.
• 5.3 Explain how evolution through natural
selection can result in changes in
biodiversity through the increase or
decrease of genetic diversity within a
population.
16-3 The process of speciation
• Factors such as natural selection and
chance events can change the relative
frequencies of alleles in a population. But
how do these changes lead to the formation
of new species, or speciation?
ISOLATING MECHANISMS:
1. ______________________________: As new species
evolve, populations become reproductively isolated
from each other and can no longer produce fertile
offspring.
2. ______________________________: when two
populations are capable of interbreeding, but have
differences in courtship rituals or reproductive strategies
that involve behavior.
3. ______________________________: two populations
are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers,
mountains or bodies of water.
4. ______________________________: two or more
species reproduce at different times.
17-4
PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION
• PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION
• Six important topics in macroevolution are
1. ____________________________: 99.9% of all species ever on this
earth are now extinct. Mass extinction. (most extinctions today are
due to human activity)
2. ____________________________: a single species or small group
have evolved into different forms that live in different ways. Ex.
FINCHES, homologous structures
3. ___________________________________:
Unrelated organism come to resemble one
another. Ex. Dolphin/sharks
4. _________________________: process by which
2 species are closely connected to one another
by ecological interactions evolve together. Ex.
Plants and plant eating insects
5. ____________________________: some
groups of organism have evolved rapidly
after a mass extinction