Download Answer Key - Psychological Associates of South Florida

EXAM 2B
1. The minimum amount of stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus 50 percent of
the time is called the:
A) absolute threshold.
B) subliminal threshold.
C) adaptation threshold.
D) difference threshold.
2. Mr. Hersch triggered a rooting reflex in his infant son by touching him on the:
A) arm.
B) foot.
C) cheek.
D) knee.
3. A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only
after a(n):
A) specified number of responses has been made.
B) unpredictable time period has elapsed.
C) unpredictable number of responses has been made.
D) specified time period has elapsed.
4. Which of the following disorders is characterized by the temporary cessation of
breathing while asleep?
A) sleep apnea
B) night terrors
C) insomnia
D) narcolepsy
5. The McDougals use harsh discipline on their children and demand unquestioning
obedience. Psychologists are likely to characterize the McDougals as ________ parents.
A) permissive
B) authoritative
C) egocentric
D) authoritarian
6. Mirror neurons provide a biological basis for:
A) spontaneous recovery.
B) observational learning.
C) extrinsic motivation.
D) the law of effect.
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7. In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n):
A) conditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned response.
D) unconditioned response.
8. Alex learned to babysit and care for young children effectively by observing the many
ways his mother carefully nurtured his own younger siblings. This best illustrates the
value of observational learning for promoting:
A) prosocial behavior.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) conditioned responses.
D) extrinsic motivation.
9. Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and
motorcycles. This best illustrates:
A) shaping.
B) generalization.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) secondary reinforcement.
10. The visual cliff is a laboratory device for testing ________ in infants.
A) depth perception
B) perceptual adaptation
C) accommodation
D) size constancy
11. At about 8 months of age, infants develop a fear of strangers because they can't
assimilate unfamiliar faces into their:
A) self-concept.
B) theory of mind.
C) schemas.
D) attachments.
12. If a tone causes a dog to salivate because it has regularly been associated with the
presentation of food, the tone is called a(n):
A) primary reinforcer.
B) immediate reinforcer.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) conditioned stimulus.
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13. The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an
indication of:
A) narcolepsy.
B) withdrawal.
C) dissociation.
D) tolerance.
14. Sixteen-year-old Bethany is becoming increasingly concerned about her use of
marijuana on weekends. In order to reduce her use of this drug Bethany should:
A) be warned that marijuana interferes with female sexual functioning.
B) stop associating with friends who use marijuana.
C) recognize that drug use results from her own lack of social skills.
D) recognize that life is stressful and often beyond control.
15. Marlys is a sensitive, responsive parent who consistently satisfies the needs of Sara, her
infant daughter. According to Erikson, Sara is likely to:
A) encounter some difficulty in forming an attachment to her father.
B) form a lifelong attitude of basic trust toward the world.
C) achieve formal operational intelligence more quickly than the average child.
D) encounter some difficulty in overcoming the limitation of egocentrism.
16. Sound wave vibrations are transmitted by three tiny bones located in the:
A) cochlea.
B) vestibular sacs.
C) middle ear.
D) inner ear.
17. Which of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic?
A) male facial hair
B) the male grip
C) female height
D) female ovaries
18. An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n):
A) operant behavior.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) reinforcer.
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19. Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive
development?
A) sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational
B) preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational
C) preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor
D) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
20. Circadian rhythm refers to:
A) the experience of sleep apnea following an extensive transoceanic flight.
B) the pattern of emotional ups and downs we routinely experience.
C) the cycle of five distinct stages that we experience during a normal night's sleep.
D) a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24hour cycle.
21. While a man provided directions to a construction worker, two experimenters rudely
interrupted by passing between them carrying a door. The student's failure to notice that
the construction worker was replaced by a different person during this interruption
illustrates:
A) neuroadaptation.
B) dissociation.
C) change blindness.
D) hypnagogic sensations.
22. Compared to adults, children are:
A) less likely to experience night terrors and more likely to experience sleepwalking.
B) less likely to experience night terrors and less likely to experience sleepwalking.
C) more likely to experience night terrors and more likely to experience sleepwalking.
D) more likely to experience night terrors and less likely to experience sleepwalking.
23. One-year-old Eunice is not overly fearful of strangers but she clearly prefers being held
by her mother than by anyone else. Her behavior best illustrates:
A) conservation.
B) the rooting reflex.
C) egocentrism.
D) secure attachment.
24. Piaget is to cognitive development as Kohlberg is to ________ development.
A) social
B) moral
C) emotional
D) physical
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25. Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms are indicative of:
A) physical dependence.
B) psychological reactance.
C) REM rebound.
D) dissociation.
26. Parapsychology refers to the:
A) study of perceptual illusions.
B) direct transmission of thoughts from one mind to another.
C) study of phenomena such as ESP and psychokinesis.
D) study of perceptual adaptation.
27. Our sense of hearing is known as:
A) audition.
B) tinnitus.
C) kinesthesis.
D) the vestibular sense.
28. The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion for their difference to
be perceived is known as:
A) sensory interaction.
B) the opponentprocess theory.
C) Weber's law.
D) feature detection.
29. Narcolepsy is a disorder involving:
A) sudden uncontrollable seizures.
B) difficulty falling and staying asleep.
C) the temporary cessation of breathing during sleep.
D) periodic uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness.
30. Receptor cells for our sense of ________ reproduce themselves every week or two.
A) equilibrium
B) taste
C) vision
D) hearing
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31. Evidence suggests that we consolidate our memories of recent life events through:
A) REM sleep.
B) hypnagogic sensations.
C) dissociation.
D) neuroadaptation.
32. Adolescence is typically a time of:
A) growing parental influence and diminishing peer influence.
B) diminishing parental influence and growing peer influence.
C) diminishing parental influence and diminishing peer influence.
D) growing parental influence and growing peer influence.
33. Consciousness is:
A) our awareness of ourselves and our environment.
B) the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember.
C) the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.
D) effortless encoding of incidental information into memory.
34. A fixedratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only
after a(n):
A) unpredictable time period has elapsed.
B) unpredictable number of responses have been made.
C) specified time period has elapsed.
D) specified number of responses have been made.
35. Developmental psychologists study physical, cognitive, and ________ changes
throughout the human life cycle.
A) social
B) concrete operational
C) embryonic
D) genetic
36. The detection and encoding of stimulus energies by the nervous system is called:
A) psychophysics.
B) sensation.
C) priming.
D) accommodation.
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37. In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n):
A) unconditioned response.
B) conditioned response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned stimulus.
38. Hypnosis involves a state of:
A) heightened openness to suggestion.
B) elevated autonomic arousal.
C) increased physical stamina.
D) improved perceptual skills.
39. Our sense of the position and movement of individual body parts is called:
A) kinesthesis.
B) feature detection.
C) sensory interaction.
D) accommodation.
40. Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by ________ reinforcement.
A) intermittent
B) negative
C) delayed
D) conditioned
41. REM rebound involves the:
A) unusual symptoms of tiredness and irritability that follow periods of REM sleep
deprivation.
B) tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation.
C) increase in REM sleep that characteristically follows intense learning episodes or
stressful daytime experiences.
D) tendency for REM sleep periods to become increasingly longer and more frequent
as a normal night of sleep progresses.
42. After losing his left hand in an accident, Jack continued to experience pain in his
nonexistent hand. His experience illustrates:
A) phantom limb sensations.
B) bottom-up processing.
C) the vestibular sense.
D) sensory adaptation.
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43. Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so.
This illustrates the importance of:
A) immediate reinforcement.
B) modeling.
C) shaping.
D) respondent behavior.
44. For burn victims, a computer-generated virtual reality can help to control pain by means
of:
A) blindsight.
B) subliminal stimulation.
C) thought distraction.
D) psychokinesis.
45. Our inability to consciously process all the sensory information available to us at any
single point in time best illustrates the necessity of:
A) REM rebound.
B) hypnagogic sensations.
C) selective attention.
D) circadian rhythms.
46. Because Yuri was curious about human behavior, he enrolled in an introductory
psychology course. George registered because he heard it was an easy course that would
boost his grade-point average. In this instance, Yuri's behavior was a reflection of
________, whereas George's behavior was a reflection of ________.
A) an unconditioned response; a conditioned response
B) a fixed-interval schedule; a variable-interval schedule
C) intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
D) operant conditioning; classical conditioning
47. Simultaneously analyzing distinct subunits of information received by different areas of
the brain is known as:
A) parallel processing.
B) feature detection.
C) sensory adaptation.
D) transduction.
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48. Young teens are most likely to start smoking in order to:
A) reduce their mental alertness.
B) gain social acceptance.
C) reduce their blood pressure.
D) trigger the release of lumphocytes.
49. Perception is the process by which:
A) nerve cells respond to specific features of a stimulus.
B) sensory input is selected, organized, and interpreted.
C) stimulus energies are detected.
D) stimulus energies are transformed into neural activity.
50. Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus are called:
A) hallucinations.
B) dissociations.
C) night terrors.
D) neuroadaptations.
51. The ability to think logically about hypothetical situations is indicative of the ________
stage of development.
A) preoperational
B) formal operational
C) preconventional
D) conventional
52. Providing children with a safe haven in times of stress contributes most directly to:
A) stranger anxiety.
B) object permanence.
C) secure attachment.
D) conservation.
53. Severe and prolonged child sexual abuse places children at risk for:
A) menarche.
B) imprinting.
C) substance abuse.
D) fetal alcohol syndrome.
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54. Sensory adaptation refers to:
A) diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.
B) the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information.
C) changes in the shape of the lens as it focuses on objects.
D) the process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural impulses.
55. After a week at college, Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of
the campus and no longer gets lost. Su-Chuan has developed a:
A) fixed-interval schedule.
B) cognitive map.
C) discriminative stimulus.
D) law of effect.
56. Cognition refers to:
A) any process that facilitates the physical development of the brain.
B) any process of change that accompanies maturation.
C) the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and
communicating.
D) an emotional tie linking one person with another.
57. A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power by association with a primary reinforcer is
called a ________ reinforcer.
A) conditioned
B) delayed
C) negative
D) partial
58. Our sense of taste originally was thought to involve only the following four sensations:
A) sour, bitter, sweet, and starchy.
B) sweet, salty, starch, and bitter.
C) bitter, sweet, sour, and salty.
D) salty, fatty, bitter, and sweet.
59. According to Erikson, achieving a sense of identity is the special task of the:
A) elementary school child.
B) toddler.
C) adolescent.
D) preschooler.
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60. In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences?
A) classical conditioning
B) latent learning
C) observational learning
D) operant conditioning
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