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Transcript
Metabolism: Cellular Energy Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Go to Work Cellular Energy • The life processes of all organisms require energy. • The potential energy held in the bonds of food molecules CANNOT be used directly by the cell. • Energy from food must be converted to the ONLY energy source that cells can use: ATP! ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate ATP is the energy molecule that cells use Cellular work such as metabolism, transport, and movement is powered by the breakdown of ATP. Photosynthesis Water + Carbon Dioxide -> Glucose and Oxygen • Plants make glucose – Foundation of all ecosystems • Happens in the chloroplasts – Pigment chlorophyll captures sun’s energy • Produces and maintains all of the Earth’s atmospheric oxygen. Photosynthesis • Plants make enough glucose to be used during the night and on cloudy days when they don’t get sunlight. • The extra glucose is stored in the cells of the plant’s leaves. • When needed, the glucose travels to the mitochondria to be used in cellular respiration for the production of ATP. Cellular Respiration Breakdown glucose Energy in the bonds of glucose used to make ATP. Respiration occurs continuously in all cells of all organisms. Why? 2 Types Aerobic – With Oxygen Anaerobic – NO Oxygen AKA Fermentation Aerobic Respiration Glucose + Oxygen -> Water + Carbon Dioxide • OXYGEN! • VERY EFFICIENT • Makes 36 ATP per glucose molecule • Occurs in the mitochondria • Most organisms on earth are aerobic • 1 glucose completely broken down to carbon dioxide and water. Anaerobic Respiration • Also called fermentation • No oxygen is present • 1 Glucose only partially broken down to form waste products and 2 ATP • 2 types – Lactic Acid Fermentation – Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol) Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation happens in muscle cells when they run out of oxygen (feel the burn!) Ethyl Alcohol Fermentation (ethanol and carbon dioxide produced) Occurs in bacteria used to make yogurt, cheese, dill pickles Occurs in yeast used to make alcohol and bread Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration Aerobic (needs oxygen) Anaerobic (no oxygen) Occurs in: Most organisms Mostly yeast and bacteria 1 glucose makes: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O Ethanol + CO2 or lactic acid Net ATP production: 36 2 • Why can’t bacteria undergo aerobic respiration? • Why couldn’t multicellular organisms, like humans, exist using anaerobic respiration? • Where does the glucose used in respiration come from? • Why can plants perform BOTH cellular respiration and photosynthesis?