Download Greece GRAPES

Ancient Greece
TCAP Review Week 3
Geography
Of
Ancient Greece
Greece, located on the continent
of Europe, is a country made up
of:
• Small Scattered islands
• Rugged mountains
• Many peninsulas
• Few valleys and coastal
plains for farming
• Isolated communities
• Greece is bordered by:
• Aegean Sea – East
• Ionian Sea – West
• Mediterranean Sea – South
• Macedonia – North
• Mt. Olympus – 9,577 ft.
(highest mountain in Greece)
• Since travel inland across rugged mountains was so difficult,
the early Greeks became skilled shipbuilders and sailors.
• The sea was for travel, trading, and a source of food.
Religion
Of
Ancient Greece
• Polytheism
• The gods and goddesses ruled the Greek world and were
believed to be directly responsible for the success or
failure of human life.
• The Greeks worshipped their gods, prayed, gave offerings,
and built temples to please the gods.
• The Greeks believed in the stories
we now call myths.
*Myths were created to help
explain nature and how the
world works.
• Mount Olympus is Greece's highest mountain and the home
to the Gods of Greek mythology.
• Unlike other religious gods, the Greek gods looked and
acted human.
• Most Greeks believed that everybody had a spirit, which lived
on after you died.
Greek gods
Zeus – King of the gods
Poseidon – god of the sea
Hades – god of the underworld
Ares – god of war
Apollo – god of the sun, music, poetry
Hermes – the messenger god
Hephaestus – god of fire
Greek goddesses
Hera – Queen of the gods
Demeter – goddess of the harvest
Hestia – goddess of the hearth and home
Artemis – goddess of the hunt
Athena – goddess of wisdom
Aphrodite – goddess of love and
beauty
Achievements
Of
Ancient Greece
Literature:
Greeks created drama and historical writing.
• The Iliad, an epic poem by Homer, tells of a war
between Greeks and the Trojans.
• A second epic by Homer was the Odyssey –
describes the challenges that the Greek hero
Odysseus faced on his way home from the Trojan War.
Drama:
• Comedy
• Tragedy
The Arts:
• Statues - Greek sculpture is
admired for its realism and
details. They were made of
stone or marble.
• Paintings – Admired for their
detail, scenes show athletics
or scenes from myths, and
scenes were usually done in
red and black.
The Arts:
• Architecture - Greek architecture was based on mathematical
principles. There were three styles of columns.
Doric
Ionic
Corinthian
• One of the most famous buildings is the
Parthenon on top of the Acropolis.
• Built by the people of Athens to honor
the goddess Athena
Math:
• Euclid - many geometry rules we study
today come from his studies.
• With math, the Greeks were able to
measure the size of Earth.
Medicine:
• Greeks:
• studied the human body and how it worked.
• tried to cure diseases and keep people
healthy.
• Hippocrates - is known for his ideas about how
doctors should behave. When doctors
graduate medical school, they recite the
Hippocratic oath.
Philosophy
• Using reason to understand the world; a search for
knowledge, wisdom, and truth.
Greek Philosophers
Aristotle
Socrates
Plato
Olympics
• Festival to honor Zeus
• First year held: 776 B.C.
• Held every 4 years
• Winners received an olive
wreath
• Games included:
• Foot races
• Wrestling
• Boxing
• Horse races
• Javelin throwing
• Chariot races
• Women not allowed to attend
Politics
Of
Ancient Greece
Aristocrats and tyrants ruled early Athens.
• Athens was the city where democracy was born, but it started
out as an oligarchy, a government in which only a few people
hold power.
• A group of rich landowners called aristocrats held power.
• Peisistratus overthrew the oligarchy, however, and became
the ruler of Athens. He was called a tyrant, a leader who held
power through the use of force. Tyrants were usually good,
not harsh, leaders in ancient Greece.
Athens created the world’s first democracy.
• A leader named Cleisthenes, a member of one of the most
powerful families in Athens, overthrew the aristocracy and
established the world’s first democracy.
• For this reason, he is considered the father of democracy.
• Under Cleisthenes, all citizens in Athens had the right to
participate in the assembly, or gathering of citizens, that
created the city’s laws.
• Athens reached its height under Pericles, who encouraged
people to take pride in their city.
• Pericles was the leader of creating democracy in Athens,
• He had many buildings constructed including the
Parthenon and the Acropolis.
•
Athens was conquered
by the Macedonians
and fell under their
influence.
•
The assembly still met
to make laws, but it
had to be careful not
to upset the king.
•
The king ruled like a
dictator. No one could
make decisions
without his approval.
•
Eventually, a new king
took over and ended
Athenian democracy
altogether.
Alexander the Great – conquered most of the known world
to the East (Persian Empire) and established many cities
spreading Greek culture.
Ancient democracy was different
than modern democracy
• All citizens in
Athens could
participate
directly in the
government,
which was called
a direct
democracy.
• Each vote
counted, and the
majority ruled.
• The United
States is too
large for direct
democracy to
work for the
whole country.
• Instead, we
have a
representative
democracy.
In a representative
democracy, also
called a republic,
citizens elect
officials to represent
them in the
government. These
officials then make
the laws.
•Delian League – Athens formed a league with other city
states.
• The league was formed to defend its city-states against
the Persians.
• Persian Wars -The invasion by Persia began a series of
wars between Persia and Greece.
• Xerxes was king of Persia and fought the Persian war
against Greek city-states.
• Sparta and Athens formed an alliance to fight off Persian
invasions.
• Peloponnesian War - 431-404 B.C. - A war between Athens
and Sparta that threatened to tear all of Greece apart.
• Each side won some victories but Sparta won the last
major battle.
Alexander the Great
•
•
•
•
Brilliant military commander
Conquered Persian Empire
Established new city named Alexandria
Created Hellenistic, or Greek-like period blending
Egyptian, Persian, and Greek cultures.
Economics
Of
Ancient Greece
Agriculture (Farming)
• Because of geography, farming was often difficult.
• Good farmland was located by the coast and in the valleys.
• Farms were usually small and only produced enough food
to feed one family with a little extra to sell at the market.
• Major crops: wheat, barley, olives, grapes
• Farm animals: pigs, poultry, sheep, goats
•Trading cultures developed in the Minoan and
Mycenaean civilizations.
•The sea became a source of food as well as a way of trading
with other communities.
•They also exchanged ideas with other cultures
Minoans
 They spent much of
their time at sea,
trading in the
Mediterranean.
 Ships carried goods such
as wood, olive oil, and
pottery all around the
eastern Mediterranean.
Mycenaeans
 They were more violent in their
trade.
 They took over Crete and became
the major traders in the eastern
Mediterranean.
 They developed colonies in northern
Greece and Italy, from which they
shipped goods around the
Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
•
Although the colonies were independent, they often
traded with city-states on the mainland.
•
Trade made the city-states much richer.
•
Soon the Greeks had become the greatest traders in the
whole Aegean region.
Social Structure
Of
Ancient Greece
•
During the Dark Ages, the Greeks started joining together
in small groups for protection.
•
These groups set up independent city-states. The Greek
word for city-state is polis.
•
A city-state was usually built around a strong fortress on
top of a high hill called an acropolis.
•
The town around the acropolis was surrounded by walls for
protection.
•Life in the city focused on the marketplace, or agora.
•The city-state became the foundation for Greek civilization
and gave the Greeks an identity.
•Most well know city-states: Athens, Sparta, Olympia, and Troy.
The two most powerful city-states in Greece, Sparta and Athens,
had very different cultures and became bitter enemies in the
400s B.C.
Athens
• Direct Democracy
• Male citizens who owned land were able to vote on
laws.
• The city-state of Athens Valued learning and education.
• Rich boys learned about reading, writing, math +
music.
• Girls stayed at home + learned household duties
•
Culture of debate, education, arts, thinking and free
speech!!!
• Athens military = navy
• Boys served 2 yrs in small army
Sparta
• The city state of Sparta valued a strong military.
• Sparta women trained like men. Ran Sparta when men
were off fighting
• Boys began military training at the age of 7.
• Unhealthy Spartan babies were left to die.
• Spartan slaves were called helots and were
treated harshly. If a Spartan slave
showed leadership ability, he was killed.
• Sparta Military = army
• Oligarchy
Athens/Sparta comparison chart