Download Ancient Greece Lesson 3 PPT Revised with answers

III. Ancient Greece: Lesson 3 PPT
A. Democracy and Pericles Review
1) Athens was a powerful city-state and from 461 BC to 429 BC it enjoyed a golden age as the
economic and cultural center of Greece.
2) Athenian democracy was unique among the Greek city-states and developed over centuries.
3) During this time, the government of Athens was a direct democracy. The government in Athens had
evolved over time from a tyranny to a democracy. A tyranny is when the ruler has absolute power;
he is a tyrant, and usually very harsh.
4) In ancient Athens, direct democracy worked because of the small number of citizens.
5) In a direct democracy all citizens of Athens met to debate and vote on government matters.
6) At the assembly meetings, citizens made policy on war and foreign affairs, passed laws, and elected
officials, known as generals.
7) Remember, after the Persian Wars, the most important general in Athens was Pericles.
a. Pericles led the city-state for more than 30 years
b. He gave people positions in government based on their abilities; did not care which social
class people belonged to; brought ordinary Athenians into government
c. Rebuilt Athens after the Persians burned it
d. Supported artists, writers, and teachers
8) In the United States, we have a representative democracy.
a. In a representative democracy, citizens elect a smaller group (US = Congress) of people to
represent the citizens.
b. The smaller group makes laws and governs on behalf of the citizens.
B. War between Athens and Sparta: Pre-war
1) The Greek city-states learned over time that their survival depended on cooperation.
2) Persia remained a threat to the Greek city-states.
3) In 478 BC, the Greek city-states joined together to form a defensive league.
a. Its purpose was to defend its members against the Persians.
b. It was called the Delian League because its headquarters was on the island of Delos.
c. Sparta did not join this league.
4) The league drove the Persians out of Greek territories in Anatolia. As a result, trade increased and
Greece became richer.
5) While the city-states did enter alliances such as the Delian League, there was an intense sense of
independence among the Greek city-states. Remember, the geography (mountains and seas) of
Greece helped to foster this independence.
6) In 435 BC, Herodotus wrote the history of the Persian Wars. Though he believed that the gods
affected historical events, he tried to separate fact from legend. He was the first to do careful
research. Today, he is called the “father of history.”
C. War between Athens and Sparta: The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC)
1) In 433 BC, Athens interfered with some of Sparta’s allies, who pressured Sparta to attack Athens
2) The conflict is called the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC).
3) It was called the Peloponnesian War because Sparta was located on the Peloponnesus.
4) During the war’s first winter, a funeral ceremony for soldiers and sailors killed in battle was held.
Pericles gave a famous speech called the Funeral Oration, in which he gave reasons why
democracy was worth fighting for.
5) The fighting waged on and each side won and lost many battles.
6) After about two years, a deadly disease broke out in Athens, and 1/3 of the people died, including
Pericles.
7) The Spartans and their allies eventually knock down the city walls and end the Athenian empire.
8) The war also ended cooperation between the city-states and made them vulnerable.
D. King Phillip II of Macedonia Unites the City-states
1) Macedonian king responsible for unifying the Greek city-states into a centralized government
along with Macedonia and the other land he conquered.
2) Brilliant general and politician from Macedon.
3) His goal was to use the united city-states to conquer Persia, but he died before it could happen.
E. Alexander the Great
1) Alexander the Great was the son of King Phillip II of Macedonia and became king when he was 20,
after his father died.
2) Alexander conquered Persia, Egypt, the Middle East, and Northern India.
3) Alexander solidified and expanded his father, Phillip’s rule greatly.
4) He died at age 33 from malaria.
F. Hellenistic Period
1) From Alexander the Great’s conquests in the Middle East and Mediterranean worlds, the Greek
culture diffused (spread) to these areas.
2) This era was called the Hellenistic period.
3) Hellenistic means of or relating to the Greeks or their language and culture after the time of
Alexander the Great, when Greek culture blended with the cultures of the regions that Alexander
conquered.
G. Hellenistic Arts
1) During the Hellenistic Era, scientists, writers, philosophers, and poets moved to the new Greek cities
in Egypt and Southwest Asia. Alexandria in Egypt was the model city that other kings tried to
imitate.
2) Many came to use Alexandria’s library, as it had more than 500,000 scrolls. Alexandria also had a
museum that brought people to study and do research.
3) Athens was still the center of Greek drama, and writers in Athens invented a new kind of comedy.
The plays were about love and relationships of ordinary people.
H. Hellenistic Science and Math Contributions
1) Science flourished during the Hellenistic Era. Scientists had only simple instruments, but they
performed experiments and made discoveries.
2) Greek scientist, Pythagoras, believed that all relationships in the world could be expressed in
numbers.
a. He is famous for developing the Pythagorean Theorem (a² + b² = c²).
b. It is still used in geometry to figure out the length of the sides of a triangle.
3) Hippocrates was a physician who is called the "father of medicine."
a. He believed that diseases came from natural causes. He made important discoveries about
different kinds of diseases, and also developed his own treatments to cure sick people.
b. Hippocrates wrote a list of rules about how doctors should treat their patients. The rules are
listed in the Hippocratic Oath. It says doctors should do their best to help the patient. It says
they should protect the patient’s privacy. Today, doctors around the world still promise to honor
the Hippocratic Oath.
4) Eratosthenes was a scientist in charge of Alexandria’s library who figured out that Earth was round.
He also measured the circumference of Earth, or how big around it was. His estimate was only
185 miles off the actual distance.
5) Euclid was a mathematician who wrote Elements. The book teaches plane geometry—a branch of
mathematics concerned with how points, lines, angles, and surfaces work together.
6) Archimedes was the most famous scientist of the Hellenistic Era.
a. He worked on solid geometry— the branch of mathematics concerned with the study of
spheres [ball-like shapes] and cylinders [tube-like shapes].
b. Archimedes figured out the value of pi, (or ≈ 3.14) which is used to measure the circumference,
or how much space a circle covers. Its symbol is π.
c. He also invented for the king of Syracuse, the catapult, a war machine that hurled rocks,
arrows, and spears at the enemy. In 212 BC, the Romans attacked Syracuse. The catapults
worked so well that it took the Romans three years to capture Syracuse.