Download Rome Power Point

Ancient Rome
From Republic to Empire
The Geography of Rome
Geography
• The Sea:
– Italy located in the middle of the
Mediterranean Sea
• Makes it a center for trade
• Rely more on land than sea however for
growth of civilization (unlike the Greeks)
• The Land:
– Mountainous terrain, but also
includes many navigable rivers and
fertile valleys.
– Soil adept to agriculture
• Wheat and grapes
Italy in 750 BCE
Influence of the Etruscans
and the Greeks
 Writing
 Religion
 The Arch
Roman Republic Video
Topics
• During the video (part one and
two) take notes on the following
topics: 15 total
– Romulus and Remus Story
– Geography of Rome
– Republic Structure of Government
– Roman Conquests/Soldiers
– Slaves/Revolts
The Mythical Founding of
Rome:
Romulus & Remus
Republican Government
• Republic: a form of government where
citizens have the right to vote for their officials
• Rome’s Republic:
– At first dominated by the wealthy aristocratic class
called the Patricians
• Conflict of the Orders:
– The lower class (98% of the population) called the
Plebians fight for increased decision making power
in the government process
– Compromise:
• 2 elected officials from the Plebian class called Tribunes
serve as the head of the Assembly
• Twelve Tables – a written code of law hung in the Forum
where all citizens could read and know the laws (creates
equality under the law)
The Roman Forum
Republican Government
• Branches of Rome’s Republic Government:
– Consuls : 2 elected leaders of Rome who served for one
year periods (in charge of overseeing the government
and the army)
– Senate: chosen from aristocratic class and seats often
passed down from father to son – in charge of law
making
– Assemblies: drawn from the lower class with limited
authority to propose laws or veto laws (led by Tribunes)
– Dictator: one man elected in times of crisis to command
thee Republic with sole authority (term limit of 6 months)
– Roman Army: divided into legions and controlled by
Generals. Soldiers were volunteers and professionals but
must be land owners (i.e. citizens).
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhnWyRvC1dU
Describe how the Roman Republic used
Checks and Balances?
The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE
 Providing political and social rights for the
plebeians.
 Written on a series of tablets hung in the forum
 Significant because it allowed greater equality under
the law
Roman Law
• The Twelve Tables were an early
example of the importance of
written law and set a precedent for
further equality guaranteed by law
to all citizens:
– the right to receive equal treatment under
the law.
– the right to be punished only for actions, not
thoughts.
– the right to be considered innocent until
proven guilty.
Collapse of the Roman Republic
• Economic: growing gap between rich and poor
– Wealthy landowners increasingly used slaves which put small
farmers and laborers out of work
• Social Unrest: growing unemployment led to social
unrest
–
–
–
–
–
Poor farmers moved into overcrowded cities
Lack of jobs
Shortage of grain supplies
Riots
Senators using violence
• Military Upheaval: soldiers loyalty gradually changed
from the Roman state to their generals
Collapse of the Republic Cont.
– Julius Caesar: Rome’s most infamous
general http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JO565zLOQSc
• Became governor of Gaul (modern day France) after his
army conquered it
• Republic government not able to maintain peace so
Caesar and 2 other generals form a Triumvirate of rulers
(3 rulers divide duties of governing Roman territories)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z88_UTf23nc
• Eventually Caesar marches his army into Rome and
defeats that other generals and proclaims himself
Dictator for life
• Makes reforms, creates jobs, redistributes land to the
poor
• Senators assassinate him - grow weary of his ego and
power trip and they conspire to him
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z88_UTf23nc
Beware the Ides of March!
44 BCE
The Roman Empire
• Augustus: First Emperor of Rome
– Caesar’s death kicks off a 15 year long civil war
with his adopted son and nephew Octavian as
the victor
– Essentially dismantles the Republic and creates
an Imperial government
• One ruler, the Emperor, has sole authority
• Senate still exists however their power is sharply
decreased.
– He creates the first Civil Service
• He hires people from the plebian class to work for the
government to help administer the Empire
– His policies set off a 200 year peace within the
realm which historians call the Pax Romana or
Roman Peace
Augustus r. 27 BCE – 14 CE
The Roman World
• Values:
– Emphasized loyalty, discipline
– A practical people who valued strength more than beauty and
usefulness
• Slaves
– Important to the Roman economy, perhaps more so than in
any other civilization at the time
– Most were war captives (men, women and children)
– Some forced to be Gladiators
• Gods:
– Polytheistic (belief in many gods)
– Public and private worship
– Took on Greek Gods
The Roman World
• Culture:
– Wealthy lived extravagantly while the poor barely
survived relying on grain supplies from the
government
– Games – gladiator fights, naval battles, chariot races
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvRWUCfAPs0&feature=rel
mfu
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dfSTZUEH95Q&feature=rel
ated
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWCwnkdPPCc&feature=r
elated
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s66zFW3nogU&feature=rel
mfu
– Roman Baths/Aqueducts
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/lostempires/roman/
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6snVyK6gQCE
The Roman Colosseum
Octavian Augustus:
Rome’s First Emperor
Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE
The Greatest Extent of the
Roman Empire – 14 CE
The Rise of Christianity
St. Paul:
Apostle to the Gentiles
The Spread of Christianity
Imperial Roman Road System
The Empire in Crisis: 3c
The Empire in Crisis: 3rd Century
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3PszVWZNWVA
• Rome’s Economy Weakens:
– Hostile tribes from Asia, Germany, France etc…
invade Roman territory disrupting trade
– Pirates on the Mediterranean disrupt trade
– Gov’t raised taxes
– Inflation – decrease in the value of money while
prices go up
– Over worked soil led to food shortages and
famine
• Military and Political Turmoil:
– Rome could no longer supply enough of their
own soldiers and hired mercenaries (foreign
soldiers who fought for money)
– Loss of patriotism
Emperor’s Attempt Reform
• Diocletian r. 284 CE – 305 CE
– Claimed to be descended from Roman
Gods
– Severely limited personal freedoms and
restored order
– Doubled the size of the Empire
– Controlled inflation by setting prices
– Divided the Empire in 2 parts:
• East – Greek speaking
• West – Latin speaking
• Purpose was to better administer the large
Empire
Diocletian Splits the
Empire in Two: 294 CE
Constantine: 312 - 337
Constantine
• Gained control of the western part in
312 CE
– Continued many of Diocletian’s reforms
– Secured control of the east through military
campaigns thus reuniting the Empire
– Moved the capital from Rome to Istanbul in the
east and renamed it Constantinople
• Strategically located for trade and defense
• Shifted power from west to east
• After his death the empire was again
divided and would never recover
Constantinople: “The 2nd
Rome” (Founded in 330)
The Western Empire Crumbles
• Germanic Invasion: 370 CE Mongol nomads, Huns
invaded Germanic tribes on Rome’s Northern border.
– Causes Germanic tribes to flee their lands into Roman
territory
– Invaded Roman lands in Italy, Gaul, and Spain
– Even attacked and ransacked the city of Rome itself in
410 CE
• Attila the Hun: united the Huns into a powerful
fighting force
– Took an army of 100,000 and terrorized both the
east and western parts of the Empire
• Protective walls around Constantinople were successful in
keeping the Huns out
• Attila’s army went after the city of Rome itself but were
unable to control it due to disease, famine and then Attila’s
own death
Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c
Attila the Hun:
“The Scourge of God”
Survival of the Eastern Empire
• Eastern Empire Lives On:
– Last Roman Emperor – 14 year old
boy who fled from power due to
continued German attacks in 476 CE
• Left the west in disarray and leaderless
– Eastern Half Survives:
• Came to be known as the Byzantine
Empire
– Was never taken by the Huns or the
Germanic tribes
– Emperors continue to rule, trade flourishes,
remains an important Mediterranean
influence for another 1000 years.
Byzantium:
The Eastern Roman Empire
The Legacy of Rome
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Republic Government
Roman Law
Latin Language
Roman Catholic Church
City Planning
Romanesque Architectural Style
Roman Engineering
• Aqueducts
• Sewage systems
• Dams
• Cement
• Arch
Rome’s Early Road System
Roman Roads:
The Appian Way
Roman Aqueducts
The Colosseum Interior
Circus Maximus
The Byzantine Empire
During the Reign of Justinian
The Byzantine Emperor
Justinian