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Ancient Rome From Republic to Empire The Geography of Rome Geography • The Sea: – Italy located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea • Makes it a center for trade • Rely more on land than sea however for growth of civilization (unlike the Greeks) • The Land: – Mountainous terrain, but also includes many navigable rivers and fertile valleys. – Soil adept to agriculture • Wheat and grapes Italy in 750 BCE Influence of the Etruscans and the Greeks Writing Religion The Arch Roman Republic Video Topics • During the video (part one and two) take notes on the following topics: 15 total – Romulus and Remus Story – Geography of Rome – Republic Structure of Government – Roman Conquests/Soldiers – Slaves/Revolts The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus Republican Government • Republic: a form of government where citizens have the right to vote for their officials • Rome’s Republic: – At first dominated by the wealthy aristocratic class called the Patricians • Conflict of the Orders: – The lower class (98% of the population) called the Plebians fight for increased decision making power in the government process – Compromise: • 2 elected officials from the Plebian class called Tribunes serve as the head of the Assembly • Twelve Tables – a written code of law hung in the Forum where all citizens could read and know the laws (creates equality under the law) The Roman Forum Republican Government • Branches of Rome’s Republic Government: – Consuls : 2 elected leaders of Rome who served for one year periods (in charge of overseeing the government and the army) – Senate: chosen from aristocratic class and seats often passed down from father to son – in charge of law making – Assemblies: drawn from the lower class with limited authority to propose laws or veto laws (led by Tribunes) – Dictator: one man elected in times of crisis to command thee Republic with sole authority (term limit of 6 months) – Roman Army: divided into legions and controlled by Generals. Soldiers were volunteers and professionals but must be land owners (i.e. citizens). • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhnWyRvC1dU Describe how the Roman Republic used Checks and Balances? The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE Providing political and social rights for the plebeians. Written on a series of tablets hung in the forum Significant because it allowed greater equality under the law Roman Law • The Twelve Tables were an early example of the importance of written law and set a precedent for further equality guaranteed by law to all citizens: – the right to receive equal treatment under the law. – the right to be punished only for actions, not thoughts. – the right to be considered innocent until proven guilty. Collapse of the Roman Republic • Economic: growing gap between rich and poor – Wealthy landowners increasingly used slaves which put small farmers and laborers out of work • Social Unrest: growing unemployment led to social unrest – – – – – Poor farmers moved into overcrowded cities Lack of jobs Shortage of grain supplies Riots Senators using violence • Military Upheaval: soldiers loyalty gradually changed from the Roman state to their generals Collapse of the Republic Cont. – Julius Caesar: Rome’s most infamous general http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JO565zLOQSc • Became governor of Gaul (modern day France) after his army conquered it • Republic government not able to maintain peace so Caesar and 2 other generals form a Triumvirate of rulers (3 rulers divide duties of governing Roman territories) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z88_UTf23nc • Eventually Caesar marches his army into Rome and defeats that other generals and proclaims himself Dictator for life • Makes reforms, creates jobs, redistributes land to the poor • Senators assassinate him - grow weary of his ego and power trip and they conspire to him • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z88_UTf23nc Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE The Roman Empire • Augustus: First Emperor of Rome – Caesar’s death kicks off a 15 year long civil war with his adopted son and nephew Octavian as the victor – Essentially dismantles the Republic and creates an Imperial government • One ruler, the Emperor, has sole authority • Senate still exists however their power is sharply decreased. – He creates the first Civil Service • He hires people from the plebian class to work for the government to help administer the Empire – His policies set off a 200 year peace within the realm which historians call the Pax Romana or Roman Peace Augustus r. 27 BCE – 14 CE The Roman World • Values: – Emphasized loyalty, discipline – A practical people who valued strength more than beauty and usefulness • Slaves – Important to the Roman economy, perhaps more so than in any other civilization at the time – Most were war captives (men, women and children) – Some forced to be Gladiators • Gods: – Polytheistic (belief in many gods) – Public and private worship – Took on Greek Gods The Roman World • Culture: – Wealthy lived extravagantly while the poor barely survived relying on grain supplies from the government – Games – gladiator fights, naval battles, chariot races • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvRWUCfAPs0&feature=rel mfu • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dfSTZUEH95Q&feature=rel ated • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWCwnkdPPCc&feature=r elated • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s66zFW3nogU&feature=rel mfu – Roman Baths/Aqueducts • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/lostempires/roman/ • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6snVyK6gQCE The Roman Colosseum Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE The Rise of Christianity St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles The Spread of Christianity Imperial Roman Road System The Empire in Crisis: 3c The Empire in Crisis: 3rd Century • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3PszVWZNWVA • Rome’s Economy Weakens: – Hostile tribes from Asia, Germany, France etc… invade Roman territory disrupting trade – Pirates on the Mediterranean disrupt trade – Gov’t raised taxes – Inflation – decrease in the value of money while prices go up – Over worked soil led to food shortages and famine • Military and Political Turmoil: – Rome could no longer supply enough of their own soldiers and hired mercenaries (foreign soldiers who fought for money) – Loss of patriotism Emperor’s Attempt Reform • Diocletian r. 284 CE – 305 CE – Claimed to be descended from Roman Gods – Severely limited personal freedoms and restored order – Doubled the size of the Empire – Controlled inflation by setting prices – Divided the Empire in 2 parts: • East – Greek speaking • West – Latin speaking • Purpose was to better administer the large Empire Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE Constantine: 312 - 337 Constantine • Gained control of the western part in 312 CE – Continued many of Diocletian’s reforms – Secured control of the east through military campaigns thus reuniting the Empire – Moved the capital from Rome to Istanbul in the east and renamed it Constantinople • Strategically located for trade and defense • Shifted power from west to east • After his death the empire was again divided and would never recover Constantinople: “The 2nd Rome” (Founded in 330) The Western Empire Crumbles • Germanic Invasion: 370 CE Mongol nomads, Huns invaded Germanic tribes on Rome’s Northern border. – Causes Germanic tribes to flee their lands into Roman territory – Invaded Roman lands in Italy, Gaul, and Spain – Even attacked and ransacked the city of Rome itself in 410 CE • Attila the Hun: united the Huns into a powerful fighting force – Took an army of 100,000 and terrorized both the east and western parts of the Empire • Protective walls around Constantinople were successful in keeping the Huns out • Attila’s army went after the city of Rome itself but were unable to control it due to disease, famine and then Attila’s own death Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God” Survival of the Eastern Empire • Eastern Empire Lives On: – Last Roman Emperor – 14 year old boy who fled from power due to continued German attacks in 476 CE • Left the west in disarray and leaderless – Eastern Half Survives: • Came to be known as the Byzantine Empire – Was never taken by the Huns or the Germanic tribes – Emperors continue to rule, trade flourishes, remains an important Mediterranean influence for another 1000 years. Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire The Legacy of Rome Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering • Aqueducts • Sewage systems • Dams • Cement • Arch Rome’s Early Road System Roman Roads: The Appian Way Roman Aqueducts The Colosseum Interior Circus Maximus The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian The Byzantine Emperor Justinian