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Study Guide for Spring Final Exam 1. What is Biology? _____________________________________________________________________ 2. A controlled experiment allows the scientist to isolate and test a single ___________________________ 3. The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called ________________________. 4. A solution with a higher concentration of solutes than a cell in the solution is _____________________ to the cell. 5. A solution with a lower concentration of solutes than a cell in the solution is ________________ to the cell. 6. ________________________: a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom. 7. ________________________: the smallest unit of most compounds. 8. ________________________: the term for the land, water, and air on earth. 9. During cell division, chromatin condenses to form ___________________, which are threadlike structures containing genetic material. 10. To build muscle mass, a person might benefit from taking a dietary supplement of ________________. 11. What are the four major biological macromolecules? What is an example of each? Macromolecule Example ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ 12. Abiotic means _________________________. 13. Human gamete cells are [diploid / haploid}. How many chromosomes are in a human male gamete cell? _____________. How many chromosomes are in a human diploid cell? __________What is a human male gamete cell called? _____________________. 14. What type of cell relays information obtained from the environment to the brain? __________________ 15. What field of biology focuses on the interactions among various species with each other and their environment? _________________________ 16. The diagram to the left shows organisms in and around a pond. What ecological term refers to all the organisms shown in the diagram? 1 ____________________________ 17. What is the term for the land, water, and air on earth? _______________________________ 18. What type of cell can exist in a broad range of environmental conditions, can rapidly multiply, and lacks a nucleus. _______________________ 19. The birds shown below are two species of the 13 species of finches Charles Darwin found on the Galapagos Islands. What process produced the two different types of beaks shown? ____________________________ 20. What type of cell division is shown in the diagram below? 21. Which organism in the diagram below is classified as both a primary and a secondary consumer? What is the name of the diagram? ____________________ 22. Which biome do we live in here in central Georgia? ____________________________________ 23. In humans, which body system has the primary role of detecting and responding to stimuli? _____________________________ 24. Canis familiaris is most closely related to Quercus rubra Canis lupus Anarhichas lupis Calidris alba 2 25. The diagram below shows the interaction between blood sugar levels and pancreatic activity. This process is an example of a _________________ ___________________ to maintain homeostasis. 26. change in genetic material that produces a variation in a species could be a result of a mutation competition overproduction of the species struggle for survival 27. Which diagram below illustrates fertilization that would most likely lead to the development of a normal human female? 28. What process is shown in the diagram below? ___________________________ In humans, this process is most influenced by the presence of _________________ (a hormone) 29. In the pH scale shown here, which substance has a pH closest to the pH of the most acidic acid rain? __________________________ 3 30. Identify the organisms in the diagram below as autotrophs or heterotrophs. 31. What type of organism is first in most natural food chains? _______________________________ 32. Because turkey vultures feed mainly on animals that they have not killed, they are known as _________________________. 33. Which organisms in the chart below are most closely related? _________________________________ 34. organisms that eat only plants: ________________________ 35. organisms that eat only meat: ___________________________ 36. organisms that eat all types of food: ______________________________. 37. Change over time is one definition of _____________________________. 38. The individual who contributed more to our understanding of evolution than anyone else was _________________________________. 39. _________________________ ; process that releases energy needed by organisms 40. _________________________: movement of individuals into a population 41. _________________________: physical characteristics of an organism 42. _________________________: genetic makeup of an organism 43. _________________________: process in which DNA is copied 44. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the _______________________. 45. Genes contain instructions for assembling _________________________. 46. __________________________; cells which do not contain a nucleus or membrane bound organelles. 4 47. __________________________; The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane. 48. __________________________: The most general and largest category in Linnaeus’s system. 49. __________________________: branch of biology dealing with interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment 50. __________________________: The combined portions of Earth in which all living things exist 51. Green plants are ________________________. 52. __________________________; An organelle you might expect to find in a plant cell but not in an animal cell. 53. Kingdom whose cells do not have cell walls: __________________________ 54. An organisms diploid number is 24. Its haploid number is __________________. 55. In rabbits, the allele for black coat (B) is dominant over the allele for brown coat (b). What would be the possible genotypes of the offspring of a homozygous black male with a brown female? ___________________________ 56. Natural selection allows a species to change in response to its environment. What is the process by which a species becomes better suited to its environment called? __________________________ 57. What is a source of genetic variation that involves the swapping of sections of chromosomes during meiosis? ____________________ ____________________ 58. What is the term for the structure of a DNA molecule? ___________________ ___________________ 59. What is a major difference between viruses and living things? __________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 60. The expression “survival of the fittest” is often used to describe which scientific theory? ___________________ ___________________ 61. Which organelle is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? (hint – it is involved in protein synthesis) _______________________________ 62. Which kingdom of living organisms would most likely be found in the harsh climate of sulfurous hot springs? ___________________________ 63. What feature would a scientist look for on a microscope slide of cells to distinguish between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells? __________________________ 64. A source of genetic variation that refers to a random error in the genetic code is called a(n) _______________________ 65. What are the base pairing rules of DNA? ________________________________________________ 66. What nucleotide bases are present in RNA? ______________________________________________ 67. What is the process called by which new species are formed? ________________________________ 5 68. Which kingdom consists of complex, multicellular, eukaryotic organisms which must consume or ingest other organisms for nutrition? _____________________________ 69. What kingdoms contain organisms that are capable of capturing and using energy from the Sun? _____________________________________________________________________________ 70. What kingdoms include organisms credited for breaking down dead plants and animals into rich soil? __________________________________________________________________________________ 71. What are the three main components of a DNA molecule? ______________________________ __________________________ __________________________ 72. Which famous scientist formulated a theory of how species change over time by natural selection? ______________________________________ 73. An animal with adaptations that help to conserve water would be well suited to live in what type of biome? ________________________________ 74. What are some known causes of genetic mutations? _________________________________________ 75. What group of organic molecules does this structure belong to? __________________________________ 76. The process shown here occurs in all eukaryotic cells. What is this process? _________________________ 77. What are the three stages of this process shown on the diagram? ___________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ 78. What is antibiotic resistance? ___________________________________________________________ 79. What are the two main types of fermentation? ______________________________________________ 80. Is fermentation an aerobic or an anaerobic process? __________________________________________ 6