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ROME NOTES (Part 2) The Punic Wars • Due to the conquest of Italy, the Romans now faced the powerful city and empire of _____________ located in North ___________________ – Both wanted to control the ____________________________ • First Punic War – War started in 246 BC when the Romans sent an army to help some allies in _____________ • Carthage considered this an act of ____________ because they believed Sicily to be part of their _____________________ – Carthage’s powerful navy _______________________ the fighting early on • The Romans were a _______________ power and had to create their own navy – The war ended when the Roman navy _______________ the Carthaginian navy off the coast of Sicily – Carthage gave up all rights to Sicily and vowed ___________________ • Second Punic War – Rome encouraged one of Carthage’s ____________________ allies to revolt and Carthage struck back with the greatest Carthaginian general, _______________________ • Hannibal decided to bring war _________________ to the Romans • 218 BC Hannibal led a well-trained army of ___________ men and a force of _____ war elephants across the Pyrenees and the Alps to __________________ Italy – 216 BC Romans decided to meet ____________________ head on • Was a ___________________ for Rome – lost an army of _______________ • Refused to ___________________ and raised another army – For many years Hannibal ______________________ the Italian countryside • Defeated one Roman ________________ after another • Battle of __________________ – 15,000 Romans killed, 15,000 captured, Hannibal only lost 1,500 and an ______________ • In another battle _______________ Romans died or were wounded – Unable to defeat Hannibal in Italy, the Romans decided on a new ____________________ • The Roman army sailed across the Mediterranean and attacked _________________ • Carthage was forced to _______________ Hannibal – Battle of ____________ (202 BC) – Romans ________________ Hannibal’s army • Carthage lost _________________, which became part of Rome • Carthage was stripped of its ___________________ • Rome is now the ______________________ power on the Mediterranean • Third Punic War – Romans decide in favor of the complete ________________________ of Carthage – After a ______________ of three years, Carthage finally fell in 146 BC • Roman soldiers spent ten days __________________ and demolishing buildings • The entire population was sold into _______________________ • Carthage became a Roman province called ____________________ Collapse of the Republic • Social ____________________ – Growing ____________________ among the various classes – Soldier-farmers were returning home from years of service and finding that their land had either been _______________ or was in __________ shape • Two brothers, the _________, tried to redistribute public land and were quite popular • The Roman elite, especially the __________________, were unhappy about this – The Senate urged ______________ to kill the two brothers – For the first time, the blood of Roman citizens was __________________ shed in the Forum • ___________________ had become a political tool • The military in ____________________ – Gaius _________________, a talented young military leader was elected consul and he decided to improve _______________________ for the army • Eliminated _______________________ requirements • Poor people began to join and swore an oath of loyalty to the _________________, not to the ________________ state, in hopes of sharing the plunder from war – Result was that armies largely became _________________ forces devoted to a general and placed much __________________ in the hands of individual generals • Generals could use __________________ of troops as a political tool – New type of army that was not under gov’t ______________________ • The Civil War – General _____________ became consul and Marius and his supporters defied Roman custom by trying to ______________ Sulla from taking a military command • Sulla responded by _____________________ on Rome with his legions – Sulla emerged victorious and became a ____________________ • Dictator = an ______________________ ruler • _____________________ all who had opposed him • Carried out reforms aimed at __________________ the power of the Senate and _________________ the Republic – Legacy of Sulla = using an ____________________ to seize power Rise of the Roman Empire • The old Republic was mostly gone within a _____________________ of Sulla – Was the result of the ______________________ of just a few men • The First ________________________ – Triumvirate = rule by ___________ people with ________________ power – The first Triumvirate was composed of Julius ________________, Pompey, and Crassus • Caesar added _____________ – modern France • Pompey added ________________ and parts of Asia Minor • Crassus was one of the ____________________ men in Rome – Took over _________________ in 60 BC • Crassus died and Caesar and Pompey faced off in a civil war – Caesar was ________ – Senate declared Caesar ________________ for life in 44 BC • Gave citizenship to people in the provinces and gave public land to ______________ • Was ____________________ with the people, but many senators thought he meant to ___________________ the Republic – _________ of March (March 15) – a group of senators _________________ Julius Caesar • Second Triumvirate – Established in 43 BC – composed of _________________ (Caesar’s adopted son and heir), Marc __________________, and Lepidus • Lepidus was pushed aside and Octavian and Antony each decide to govern ________ the empire – Civil war breaks out and Octavian defeats Antony and his ally Queen ___________ of Egypt • Both commit ___________________ after the defeat – Octavian now alone __________________ Rome, the Republic was effectively __________ • Senate awards Octavian the title ______________________ “the revered one” – Continued to control the army and took the name __________________________ • Imperator = _____________________ in chief (_______________________) • Became the first ______________________ of Rome • The Augustan Age – Augustus ruled Rome for more than ______ years – Divided the power to rule Rome between himself and the _____________________ • Later emperors took over more and more ____________________ of the Senate • Julio-Claudians – relatives of ______________________ ruled for the next 54 years – Tiberius – adopted son of ____________________ – Caligula – ________________ and mentally ______________________ – Nero – killed his own _____________________ and committed suicide • The Five _______________ Emperors: – N_________, T___________, H__________, Antoninus P_____, and Marcus ____________ – Governed Rome for nearly a _____________ and under them the empire grew tremendously – Hadrian built _______________ fortifications along the frontiers to guard against invasions • Hadrian’s Wall – built in northern ________________ Pax Romana • Pax Romana = Roman __________________ – Age of peace and __________________________ – Started off with the reign of _____________________ in 27 BC and ended with the death of the last Good Emperor, __________________________________, in 180 AD • _______________ gov’t, strong legal system, widespread trade • Not much ____________ or invasion – The Roman gov’t was the strongest ___________________ force in the empire • Maintained order and ______________________ the laws – Extensive road network – _____________ miles