Download Test 10 Review Sheet

AP Biology
Test 10 - Evolution
Review Sheet
This test will cover material from chapters 22, 23, 24, and a bit of 25 in the textbook. As
usual it will include multiple choice questions and one essay; there may be a short-answer
Hardy-Weinberg question as well.
Content – you should be able to define and explain all terms and ideas shown here. You
should also be ready to provide examples for each concept.
I. What is evolution?
a. Change over time
b. Theory of natural selection (Darwin)
i.
Genetic variation
ii.
Overproduction of offspring
iii.
Competition for survival and reproduction
iv.
Differential survival and reproduction with better traits passed on more – over
many generations, they become more frequent in the population
II. Evidence for Evolution
a. Fossil record
b. Homology
i.
Anatomical
ii.
Embryological
iii.
Molecular
c. Biogeography
d. Divergent vs. convergent evolution – homologous vs. analogous structures
III. Microevolution
a. Population
b. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (be prepared for a math problem or two)
i.
Gene pools
ii.
Allele frequencies
iii.
Genotype frequencies
iv.
Conditions that must be met for equilibrium to exist
c. Microevolutionary forces (that violate HW eq)
i.
Mutation
ii.
Migration
iii.
Nonrandom mating – assortative, disassortative
iv.
Genetic drift
1. small populations
2. population bottleneck
3. founder effect
v.
Natural selection
1. directional
2. disruptive
3. stabilizing – heterozygote advantage
4. sexual selection (intra, inter)
IV. Speciation
a. Definition(s) of species
b. Modes of speciation
i.
allopatric
ii.
sympatric
c. Barriers that prevent hybridization
i.
prezygotic (geographic, habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, chemical)
ii.
postzygotic (hybrid inviability, hybrid inferiority, hybrid sterility)
d. Rates of speciation
i.
gradualism vs. punctuated equilibrium
ii.
adaptive radiation
iii.
stasis