Download Study Guide for AP Biology Midterm FRQ portion: Friday, January 16

Study Guide for AP Biology Midterm
 FRQ portion: Friday, January 16, 2015 (during 55 minute block)
 Multiple Choice Portion: Monday, January 26, 2015 (10:15AM – 12:00PM, Room 509)
What you NEED to know:
 Chapter 7 – Membrane Structure and Function
o Why membranes are selectively permeable
o The roles of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates in membranes
o How water will move if a cell is placed in a hypertonic, isotonic, or hypotonic solution
o How electrochemical gradients are formed
 Chapter 8 – introduction to Metabolism
o The role of ATP in energy coupling
o How enzymes work by lowering activation energy
o The catalytic cycle of an enzyme that results in the production of a final product
o The factors that influence the efficiency of enzymes
 Chapter 11 – Cell Communication
o The three stages of cell communication
o How GPCRs, RTKs, and ion channels receive cell signals and start the process of transduction
o How a phosphorylation cascade amplifies a cellular response
o Differences between nuclear and cytoplasmic signaling
o The importance of apoptosis in the normal functioning of multicellular organisms
 Chapter 22 – Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life
o How Lamarck’s view of the mechanism for evolution differed from that of Darwin
o Several examples of evidence for evolution
o The difference between homologous and analogous structures, and how they relate to evolution
o The role of adaptations, variation, time, reproductive success, and heritability in evolution
 Chapter 23 – The Evolution of Populations
o How mutation and sexual reproduction contribute to genetic variation
o The conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
o How to use the Hardy-Weinberg equation to calculate allele frequencies and to test whether a
population is evolving
 Chapter 24 – The Origin of Species
o The biological concept of species
o Prezygotic and postzygotic barriers that maintain reproductive isolation in natural populations
o How allopatric and sympatric speciation are similar and different
o How an autopolyploid or an allopolyploid chromosomal change can lead to sympatric speciation
o How punctuated equilibrium and gradualism describe two different tempos of speciation
 Chapter 25 – The History of Life on Earth
o A scientific hypothesis about the origin of life on Earth
o The age of Earth and when prokaryotic and eukaryotic life emerged
o Characteristics of the early planet and its atmosphere
o How Miller & Urey tested the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis and what they learned
o Methods to date fossils and rocks, and how fossil evidence contributes to our understanding of changes
in life on Earth
o Evidence for endosymbiosis
o How continental drift can explain the current distribution of species (biogeography)
o How extinction events open habitats that may result in adaptive speciation
 Chapter 26 – Phylogeny and The Tree of Life
o The taxonomic categories and how they indicate relatedness
o How systematic are used to develop phylogenetic trees
o The three domains of life, including their similarities and differences
 Chapter 51 – Animal Behavior
o How behaviors result from natural selection
o How innate behavior and various types of learning increase fitness
o How organisms use communication to increase fitness
o Various forms of animal communication
o The role of altruism and inclusive fitness in kin selection
 Chapter 53 – Population Ecology
o How density, dispersion, and demographics can describe a population
o The differences between exponential and logistical growth models
o How density dependent and density independent factors can control population growth
 Chapter 54 – Community Ecology
o The difference between a fundamental niche and a realized niche
o The role of competitive exclusion in interspecific competition
o The symbiotic relationships of parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism
o The impact of keystones on community structure
o The difference between primary and secondary succession
 Chapter 55 – Ecosystems
o How energy flows through an ecosystem by understanding food chains and food webs
o The terms autotroph, heterotroph, producer, consumer (primary, secondary, tertiary), decomposers,
and detritivores