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How Chromosomes Work The DNA Molecule 1. DNA— deoxyribonucleic acid 2. Watson and Crick—discovered the structure of DNA; received the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1962 for their discovery; structure of DNA is a double helix (twisted ladder) 3. gene—smallest unit of heredity 4. DNA molecule—structure of a gene 5. Relationship between DNA molecule and genes-- genes are composed of segments of a DNA molecule 6. DNA function—controls the production of proteins 7. DNA segment (draw and label)—See me or a friend for this information. 8. nitrogen base pairs—molecules that contain the element nitrogen adenine thymine Adenine pairs with Thymine cytosine guanine Cytosine pairs with Guanine 9. genetic code—order of nitrogen bases provides the code for particular proteins Example: ATCCGGAAT TAGGCCTTA 2-4: How Chromosomes Produce Proteins 10. new cell formation—cells reproduce by dividing; the new cells contain the exact same genetic information as the original cell, and the new cells are called daughter cells 11. DNA replication—process of making exact copies of DNA; DNA replication is the first step of the cell cycle 12. DNA replication steps— a) DNA strand “unzips” b) Free nitrogen bases pair up with bases on “unzipped” strand of DNA c) New bases attach and two strands of DNA are formed that are identical **See drawing on notebook paper. 13. role of chromosomes—chromosomes control the production of proteins because they are made of a long strand of DNA 14. protein body functions—proteins determine all traits and they help to build and repair cells 15. protein synthesis—process of producing proteins **See drawing on notebook paper. 16. RNA (name and role)—RNA stands for ribonucleic acid; RNA “reads” the genetic code on a strand of DNA and helps to guide protein synthesis 17. RNA vs. DNA-- RNA DNA Single strand (one side) Double strand (two sides) Sugar: ribose Sugar: deoxyribose Adenine pairs with Uracil Adenine pairs with Thymine 18. messenger RNA vs. transfer RNA— messenger RNA Abbreviation = mRNA Copies code from DNA and carries it out of nucleus transfer RNA Abbreviation = tRNA Transfers code from mRNA to ribosome so that protein synthesis can occur