Download Chapter 3 Review Guide

Chapter 3 Review Guide
CARBON
- 6 protons, neutrons, and electrons
- 4 valence electrons allows carbon to form 4 covalent bonds
-
Can be long chains, ring structure, or branched
Can bond to itself to form large structures
Organic = contains carbon and hydrogen
Inorganic = no carbon
HYDROCARBONS
- only carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)
- simplest is methane
-
there are 2 types of hydrocarbons
o aromatics = benzene ring (still only C and H)
o aliphatics = no benzene ring (still only C and H)
 Alkane = aliphatic with all single bonds
 Alkene = one double bond
 Alkyne = one triple bond
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
- give a compound its characteristics
- attach to hydrocarbons
- recognize pictures of hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate
(anything else in the picture below is to guide you…..you are not responsible for
class of molecules or example) . R stands for random group (it is a variable)
MACROMOLECULES (Giant Molecules=Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids)
- monomers = individual units, pieces
- polymers = joint monomers, many pieces joined
- polymers make up the giant molecules (macromolecules)
- dehydration synthesis (remove water) = process by which monomers join to
become polymers
- hydrolysis (add water) = process by which polymers break down to monomers
ENERGY
- any process (reaction) needs energy
- obtained via food, but stored as the compound ATP in the mitochondria
- specifically found in the phosphate bonds
- ATP = adenosine triphosphate with 3 phosphates, maximum amount of energy is
stored in the 2 phosphate bonds
- ADP = adenosine diphosphate with 2 phosphates, partially filled with energy
which is stored in the one phosphate bond
- AMP = adenosine monophosphate with 1 phosphate, no energy is stored
- This compound is made of adenine (base), ribose (sugar), and phosphates
- Adenine and ribose = adenosine
- ATP to ADP to AMP = energy released from the phosphate bonds to be used by
the body
- AMP to ADP to ATP = energy stored in the phosphate bonds to be used later
***Carbohydrates***
-
Made of C, H, O only
group of macromolecules that has sugars, starches, cellulose
monomers = monosaccharides
polymers = disaccharides (2 sugars) or polysaccharides (many)
always have twice as many hydrogens than oxygen
Monosaccharides
- glucose (plants), fructose (fruit), galactose (milk) are three of the most common
simple sugars (aka monosaccharides)
- glucose, fructose, galactose are isomers (same formula, different structure) with
C6H12O6
- others include those with 3-8 carbons
- monosaccharides (monomers) are joined to make the large polymers
Disaccharides
- 2 sugars
- Joining, for example, glucose, fructose, and galactose in any way.
- Dehydration synthesis to make a disaccharide, hydrolysis to break it down
- 3 common examples = sucrose (table sugar = one glucose and one fructose),
lactose (milk sugar = one glucose and one galactose), maltose (malt sugar = 2
glucose)
- Lactose, maltose, and sucrose are isomers (same formula, different structure)
with C12H22O11
- Water is lost, therefore, do not just double the formula!
Polysaccharides
- many sugars
- many glucose, fructose, and galactose
- common examples: cellulose (50% of wood), starch (plants), glycogen (animals)
***Proteins***
- Made of C, H, O, N only
- group of macromolecules that makes up our bones, hair, muscles, skin, etc
- monomers = amino acids (made of carboxyl, amino, H, and R groups)
- monomers (amino acids) vary by R groups. R is the variable (as in math they use
X or Y, biology uses R). There are 20 amino acids
-
polymers = dipeptides or polypeptides made by dehydration synthesis
dipeptides = 2 amino acids (can be two the same) join by dehydration synthesis
-
polypeptides = many amino acids
ENZYMES
- are proteins that are catalysts (speed up reactions)
- function by a lock and key model
- each is specific for a specific reaction
- enzymes are reused
- overall: they attach to the substrate(s) to allow for dehydration synthesis or
hydrolysis (whichever may be the case) to proceed faster. The substrate(s) attach
at the active site (a region on the enzyme) to form the enzyme-substrate complex.
The product(s) are released.
***Lipids***
-
fats, oils, waxes
C, H, O only
Lipid is nonpolar, fatty acids and glycerol have a nonpolar end and polar end
FATTY ACIDS
- long carbon chain with a carboxyl end (polar, hydrophilic) and a hydrocarbon
end (nonpolar, hydrophobic)
- Hydrophilic = water loving
- Hydrophobic = water fearing
- Saturated = all single bonds ; Unsaturated = has double bonds (often drawn with
a kink)
4 MAJOR GROUPS OF LIPIDS
1. Triglycerides
- 3 fatty acids with glycerol
- glycerol is a 3 carbon compound…..each carbon has a fatty acid attached
- determine if it is saturated or unsaturated
2. Phospholipids
-
2 fatty acids with glycerol
glycerol is a 3 carbon compound…2 carbons have fatty acid chains, other carbon
has a phosphate (functional group) attached.
One phospholipid has a head (polar, hydrophilic) and tail (nonpolar,
hydrophobic)…..a phospholipid bilayer makes the cell membrane where the tails
face each other and the heads face the inside and outside of the cell…..the area
where water is.
3. Waxes
- long carbon chain with a carboxyl (COOH) in the middle of the chain.
- Waterproof
4. Steroids
- no fatty acids
- four carbon rings joined
- natural steroids = hormones (testosterone, estrogen) and cholesterol
***Nucleic Acids***
Need not know any details at this time. Simply know that Nucleic Acids are one
of the 4 types of macromolecules.