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use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test.
Structures are not included here.
07/08
1. which moieties are responsible for the negative and the positive charge in the
phosphatidylcholine?
Phosphate (-) Choline or the N-Group (+)
2. via which enzymes and in what direction does insulin regulate the cholesterol
synthesis?
HMG-CoA Synthase. More production of cholesterol
3. write with structures the reaction catalyzed by ornithine transcarbamoylase.
Carbamoyl + ornithine  citrulline
4. write with structures the alanin-aminotransferase reaction.
Alanine + OAA – plp-- pyruvate + aspartate
5. write with structures the reaction which is defective in methylmalonic
academia.
Propinyl CoAsuccinyl CoA Methylmalonyl CoA mutase
6. what kind(s) of bonds keep together the insulin molecule?
diSulfide bonds
7. write the michaelis-menton equation for one substrate-enzym reaction
V0= Vmax*[S] / Km+[S]
8. name the most frequent glycosaminoglycans of the extracellular matrix.
Hyaluric acid
9. what is the role of glutathione in the cell?
Neutralize ROS. Need NADPH
10. write the structure of the amino acid precursor of histamine.
Precursor: histidine
11. write with structures the triose phosphatate isomerise reaction.
Dihydroacetonephosphate glaceraldehyde 3 phosphate
12. write the three possible fates of pyruvate.
1
This was answered in midnight when i was exhausted. So wrongs might be found I corrected
something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to
use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test.
Structures are not included here.
07/08
Alanine (aminotrnsferase), Oxaloacetate ( pyruvate carboxylase), Acetyl CoA
(pyruvate dehydrogenase), Lactose (lactate dehydrogenase), ethanol,
13. which lipoprotein contains the highest percentage of cholesterol.
LDL
14. write with names the overall equation of the B-oxidation of octanoyl-CoA.
Octanyol-CoA3FADH2+3NADH+4Acetyl-CoA
15. list three enzymes that are allostericly regulatet by AMP.
PFK1, isocitrate dh, succinyl-CoA Synthase
16. write with structures the succinyl-CoA synthetase reaction.
Succinyl-CoA - Succinate
17. write the names of all the enzymes that catalyze reaction in which carbon
atoms of pyruvate are released in the form of CO2.
Pyruvate dh, citrate synthase, aconitase, isocitrate dh, a-ketoglutarate dh,
18. what is the biological function of the F1F0 ATPase. Name a specific inhibitor
of the complex.
ATP production, oligomysin,
19. which enzyme is inhibited by malonyl-CoA? Name the type of this inhibition.
CPT I/II allosteric
20. write with structures the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase reaction.
6phosphogluconate ribulose5phosphate
21. write with structures the overall reaction of gluconeogenesis using pyruvate as
a substrate.
PyruvateOAAPEP2PG3PG1,3BPGGA3P(DHAP)F1,6BPF6
PG6PGlucose
22. which enzyme is the glucose sensor in the liver?
Glucokinease
23. in response to which hormone, and I what direction does the level of 2,6bisphosphate change?
2
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something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to
use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test.
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07/08
Insulin, activate F26BP (more)
24. write with structures the reaction catalyzed by the B-hydroxyacyl-ACP
dehydratase.
3 hydroxybutryol ACP  Enoyl ACP
25. name the organ and the organelle where the ketone bodies are formed.
Liver, mitochondria,
26. how is phosphatidyl-serine synthesized in mammals?
DAG + CDP-Ethanolamine phosphatidylethanolamine (+ serine) 
phosphatidylserine
27. name an allosteric activator, an inhibitor, an activating and inhibiting
enzyme that regulate the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
Citrate synthase, Citrate (activator), palmitoyl-coa synthase, palmitoyl-CoA
(inhibit)
28. write with structures the reaction catalyzed by arginase.
Arginine  Urea + ornithine
29. which hormone, in what direction, and in which tissue regulates the activity
of GLUT 4.
No of glut 4 increase
Insulin (fructose in to the cell) intestinal epithelium spermatozoa,
30. write with structures the reaction which is defective in phenylketonuria.
Phenylalanine –phenylalanine hydroxylase- tyrosine
31. light absorption of which two compounds forms the physical fundamentum of
warburgs optical test?
NAD+/NADH
32. name a substance that is used in reversible precitation of proteins.
Ph, precipitation (NH4(SO4)2 ,, polyethylene glycol
33. name two methods used for immortalization of non-dividing cells.
Spontaneous transformation, transfection, somatic cell fusion
3
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something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to
use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test.
Structures are not included here.
07/08
34. name two protein separation methods, which utilizes the size differences of
the proteins to be separated.
Gel filtration, SDS-Page
4
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something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to
use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test.
Structures are not included here.
07/08
1. what is the most common covalent modification of enzymes and which amino
acid residues are modified?
Phosphorylation, (serine/theorine residue ???)
2. how much is the actual velocity of an enzyme reaction relative to the maximal
velocity if the substrate concentration: is equal to the Km value………. 5*
Km……….
½ when Km= [S] 5/6 when 5*Km= [S]
3. name the enzyme reaction in which the ATPase produced in the light reaction
of photosynthesis are utilized in the Calvin cycles.
Ubisco
4. name the precursors of peroxynitrite.
H2O2 + NO
5. write with names the creatine kinase reaction. Indicate with arrows whether
the reaction is reversible or irreversible.
Creatine +ATP  Creatine phosphate + ADP
6. write with structures the glyceraldehyde-3-P-dehydrogenase reaction.
Glyceraldehyde3phosphate  1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
7. how many ATPs can be produced when a glucose 6-phosphate is converted to
CO2 and water?
37-39 ATP
8. which lipoprotein contains the highest percentage of proteins?
HDL
9. write with names the activation reaction of palmitate.
Palmitate + CoASH (palmitoyl CoA synthase)  Palmitoyl CoA
10. write with structures the malic enzyme reaction.
Malate  pyruvate
11. write with structures the aconitase reaction .
5
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something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to
use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test.
Structures are not included here.
07/08
citrate  isocitrate
12. list the allosteric regulators of citrate synthase. Indicate whether the given
substance is an activator or an inhibitor.
Citrate, ATP, (-) ADP(+)
13. what is the first freely diffusible intermediate which takes over hydrogens
deriving from succinate?
FAD+
14. name the compound which can carry the palmitate through the inner
mitochondrial membrane and what kind of chemical bond formed between
the two molecules,
Carnitine. Covalent
15. the defect of which enzyme cause galactosemia?
Galacto-1-phosphate uridyl transferase, galactokinease, UDP-galactoepimerease
16. write with structure the pyruvate-kinase reaction.
PEPPyruvate
17. list the substrate and products of glycogen phosphorylase.
Glycogen  glucose-1-phosphate, glucose
18. name the enzymes that are involved in the regulation by insulin of glycogen
synthase activity.
Phosphatase
19. write with structures the reaction catalyzed by ATP citrate lyase.
Citrate oxaloacetate + acetyl CoA
20. what are the two possible fates of 2-hydroxyl-2-methyl-glutaryl-CoA in
mammals?
Ketobody synthesis, cholesterol synthesis
21. write with schematic structures the formation of CDP-diacylglycerol.
Diacylglycerol ---- cdp transferease- cdp-diacylglycerol
6
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something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to
use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test.
Structures are not included here.
07/08
22. what are the differences between the synthesis of palmitic acid and oleic acid?
Palmitic is saturated, oleic is unsaturated
23. write with structures the overall reaction catalyzed by glutaminase.
Glutamine + H2O → Glutamate + NH3
24. name the a.a which collect the amino groups of other a. a with transamination
reactions in the different organs. Indicate the organ in which the given a.a
characteristically performs this duty next to the name of the a.a.
glutamate — a-ketoglutarate, oxaloacetate --- aspartate,
alanine, glutamine ???????
25. write with structures the reaction which is defective in albinism.
tyrosine –tyrosinase melanin
26. name two separation methods that utilizes the charge differences of the
proteins to be separated.
Ion-exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing, SDS-page
27. list what you should measure to determine the specific activity of lactate
dehydrogenase in a muscle homogenate.
NAD/NADH , lactose before – lactose after over time
28. what is the advantage of using fluorescence rather than light absorption for
concentration measurements?
More specific,
29. why does iodoacetamide inhibit fermentation?
Binds covalently to Cysteine residue
30. what happens to the inorganic phosphate concentration in the heart during
ischemia.
Increase.
7
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something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to
use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test.
Structures are not included here.
07/08
1. Write the structure of the a-helix-breaking amino acid.
2. name a characteristice that is identical among the isozymes, and three that
can be different among them.
Can do the same reaction, diff: specifity, properties
3. write the hill reaction as it happens in the chloroplast in plants.
4. name the precursor aa for NO (endothelial derived relaxation factor).
5. write the structure of the aa precursor of dopamine.
Tyrosine
6. write with structures the hexokinase reaction.
glucose  glucose 6 phosphate
7. list the allosteric regulators of pyruvate kinase-1. indicate whether the given
compound activates or inhibits the enzyme.
ATP(+), F16BP (-)
8. write three differences between intestinal lipases and lipoprotein lipases.
Lipoprotein lipase hydrolyses lipid in lipoprotein to free fatty acid or glycerol
molecule and require cofactor Apo-CII, functioning in endothelium, blood
Lipase catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester bonds in water–insoluble, lipid substrates,
functioning in digestive tract or juice
9. write with structures the thiolase reaction.
3Acetoacyl CoA + CoASH  Acetyl CoA + myrisitol
10. write the overall reaction catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
Pyruvate + NAD + CoASH Acetyl-CoA +NADH
11. write with structures the isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction.
Isocitratea-ketoglutarate
12. which compound provide the oxygen atoms to the citric acid cycle for the
carbondioxide formation.
8
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something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to
use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test.
Structures are not included here.
07/08
13. list the heme-containing complexes of the respiratory chain.
Ubiquinone cytochrome oxireductase, cytochrome osidase
14. name two pathways that convert cytosolic NADH to mitochondrial NADH.
Glycerol phosphate, malate aspartate shuttle
15. write with structures the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction.
Glucose 6 phosphate  6 phosphoglucolactone
16. write with structures the obligate first reaction of lactate before entering any
other metabolic pathways in the mammals.
Lactate  pyruvate
17. list the enzymes that are involved in the conversion of a glycogen molecule
entirely to glucose.
glycogen phosphorylase, uridyl-transferease
18. name the enzymes that are involved in the regulation by glucagon of glycogen
phosphorylase activity.
Phosphorylase kinease glycogen phosphorylase
19. write the overall reaction of the synthesis of a palmitic acid, starting from
acetyl-CoA.
Acetyl CoAmalonyl CoAMalonyl ACPAcetoacetyl
ACP3hydroxybutryol ACPenoyl ACPacyl ACP (continuation of cycle
from Malonyl ACP till C16)
palmitoyl ACP palmitate
20. write three mechanisms by which cholesterol regulates its own intracellular
concentration.
Inhibit DNA transcription of SRE gene, HMG-reductase. Activate cholesterol
synthesis
21. write with structure the HMG-CoA synthase reaction.
Acetyl CoA + Acetoacetyl CoA  HMG-CoA
22. write with structures the reaction that produces glycerol-3-phosphate as it is
occurring in the liver.
9
This was answered in midnight when i was exhausted. So wrongs might be found I corrected
something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to
use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test.
Structures are not included here.
07/08
Glycerol—glycerol kineaseglycerol 3 phosphate
23. write with structure the overall reaction catalyzed by carbamoyl phosphate
synthetase.
NH4+ + HCO3- + 2ATP  Carbamoyl phosphate + ADP + PP
24. name exclusively ketoplasmic amino acids.
Lysine, threonine, leusine
25. write with structure the reaction which is defective in maple syrup urine
disease.
Branched chain keto dehydrogenase
a-keto-b-methylvalerate a-methylvalerate
a-ketoisovalerateisobutyryl CoA
a-ketoisocaproate isovaleryl CoA
26. list three substances that are used for the de-proteinization of biological
samples.
Trichloroacetic acid, heavy metals, acidic acid, heat, alkaline solution
27. name a technique that is used for the determination of the 3-dim structure of
proteins.
(sanger)X-ray reflection
28. five ml muscle extract has 1200 U citrate synthase and 80 mg protein. What is
the specific activity of citrate synthase in this muscle extract?
U enzymes/Mg protein 1200/80
29. what substrate concentration should we use for determination of enzyme
activity?
Saturated
10
This was answered in midnight when i was exhausted. So wrongs might be found I corrected
something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to
use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test.
Structures are not included here.
07/08
1. name two types of enzyme inhibition that don’t follow michaelis-menton
kinetics.
Allosteric inhibition, covalent
2. write the name and structure of the CO2-acceptor substance of plants.
3.
in which intracellular compartment is channelling the best established? What
is the advantage of supramolecular organization of enzymes over the free
diffusion mechanism?
4. write with names the creatine kinase reaction. What is the significance of the
reaction?
Creatine + ATP  Creatine phosphate + ADP
5. write with structure the enolase reaction.
2glyceratephosphate  phosphorenolpyruvate
6. in which organ and in what form is glucose stored in mammals?
in liver as glycogen
7. write with structures the enoyl-CoA hydratase reaction of B-oxidation.
Trans-d2-enoyl  Hydroxyenoyl CoA
8. list the cofactor requirement for activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase
complex.
NAD+
9. write with structures the aconitase reaction.
Citrate  isocitrate
10. which citrate cycle enzymes are regulated by NADH? In which direction?
Isocitrate dh, a ketoglutarate dh, malate dh
11. which component of the respiratory chain is involved in the activation of
apoptosis?
Cytochrome oxidase
11
This was answered in midnight when i was exhausted. So wrongs might be found I corrected
something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to
use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test.
Structures are not included here.
07/08
12. write the name of two anaplerotic reactions.
Glutamate DH, pyruvate carboxylase, transamination of glutamate and aspartate
13. what are the two most important products of the penthose phosphate
pathway? What are these products used for?
NADPH  for fatty acid synthesis
Ribulose 5 phoshate
14. write with structures the glugoneogenic reaction that is regulated by fructose
2,6-bisphosphate.
Fructose 6 phosphate fructose 1,6 bisphoshate PFK-1, fructose 1,6
bisphophatase
15. list the enzymes that are involved it the formation of glycogen from glucose in
mammals.
Hexo/gluco kinease, glucose6phosphate mutase, uridyl transferease, glycogen
synthase
16. name the enzyme, which regulates covalently both the glycogen phosphotylase
and glycogen synthase.
Protein kinease A
17. write with structures the reaction catalyzed by B-ketoacyl-ACP reductase
enzyme.*
Acetoacetyl ACP  l-3hydroxybutryol ACP
18. name three types of compounds produced from cholesterol.
Steriod hormones, Bile, Cholesterol esters
19. write with schematic structures the formation of CDP-diacylglycerol.
Phosphatic acid diacylglycerol  uridyl transferease
20. via which enzyme does palmitic acid regulate its synthesis? In what direction?
AcetylCoA carboxylase (-) of acetyl CoA  Malonyl CoA
21. name the main molecule which collect the carbon skeleton of aa before they
enter the major catabolic pathway.
Aspartate, glutamate
12
This was answered in midnight when i was exhausted. So wrongs might be found I corrected
something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to
use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test.
Structures are not included here.
07/08
22. write with structures the alanin-oxaloacetate aminotransferase reaction.
pyruvate + asparate ↔ alanine + oxaloacetate
23. write with names the reaction, which is defective in phenylketonuria.
Phenylalanine  tyrosin phenylalanine dehydrogenase
24. what can we determine by using DNTB?
SH enzymes concentration
13
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something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to
use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test.
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07/08
1. what is the most biological important function og HSP 70?
Chaperone, protein folding
2. draw the double reciprocal plot of an uncompetitive inhibition for a one
substrate enzyme reaction, inhibited by an inhibitor at two different
concentrations.
3. from what compound and where is oxygen produced?
4. write two possibilities for where endogenous free radicals can be produced.
Respiratory chain reaction
5. name the starting compound for heme synthesis.
Glycine, succinyl CoA
6. write with structures the hexokinase reaction.
Glucose + ATP  Glucose 6 phosphate + ADP
7. list the allosteric regulators of phosphofructokinase-1. Indicate whether the
given compound activates or inhibits the enzyme.
F26BP, AMP(+) ATP, Citrate(-)
8. which lipoprotein contain the highest percentage of triaglycerols?
Chylo microns
9. write with names the overall equation of the B-oxidation of octanoyl-CoA.
Octanoyl CoA + 3NAD + 3FAD 3 NADH +3FADH + 4Acetyl CoA
10. list the allosteric regulators of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Indicate
whether the given compound activates or inhibits the enzyme.
NADH, Acetyl CoA (-) Ca,ADP,pyruvate (+)
11. write with structures the reactions catalyzed by the a-ketogluterate
dehydrogenase complex.
a-ketoglutaratesuccinyl CoA
14
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something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to
use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test.
Structures are not included here.
07/08
12. how many ATPs can be produced when a pyruvate is converted to CO2 and
water?
14-15
13. what is the biological function og F1F0-ATPase. Name a specific inhibitor of
the complex.
Oligomycin, ATP production
14. name the compound that can carry the palmitate through the inner
mitochondrial membrane and what kind of chemical bond is formed between
the two molecules?
Carnithine, covalent
15. write with structures the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction.
Glucose 6 phosphate  6phosphoglucolactone
16. write with structures the obligate first reaction of lactate before entering any
other metabolic pathways in mammals.
Lactate pyruvate
17. name all the products and substrates of glycogen synthase.
UDP glucoseglycogen
18. in which tissue and by what substance is glygogen phosphorylase inhibited
allostericly?
Liver. Glucose 1 phosphate
19. write with structures the actelyl-CoA carboxylase reaction.
Acetyl CoA  malonyl CoA
20. what are the two possible fates of 2-hydroxy-2methylglutaryl-CoA in
mammals?
Ketobodies, cholesterol synthesis
21. name the starting compound for sphingolipid synthesis.
Palmitoyl CoA, Serine, (ceramide)
22. from what starting compound what compound does cyclooxygenase produce?
15
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something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to
use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test.
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07/08
Arachidonic acid, prostagladins
23. write with structures the ornithine transcarboxylase reaction.
Carbamoyl +orinithine  citrulline
24. name the exclusively ketoplastic amino acids.
threonine, leucine, lysine
25. what physical phenomenon forms the basis of dialysis?
Filtration, through semipermable membrane
26. how does the Vmax and the Km change during uncompetitive inhibition?
Vmax change, Km change
27. is it essential to use lacer light for confocal microscopy? Explain.
Nope,
confocal microscope uses point illumination and a pinhole in an optically
conjugate plane in front of the detector to eliminate out-of-focus information. Only
the light within the focal plane can be detected, so the image quality is much better
than that of wide-field images.
28. why does the concentration of inorganic phosphate and Ca “+ increase during
ischemia?
to compensate the body enough oxygen . Ca Pi  more contraction
16
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something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to
use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test.
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07/08
1. which type of compounds determine the antigen features of human red blood
cells?
2. give two examples of the biological function of lectins.
3. name the substrate and the products of the light reaction of the
photosynthesis.
4. name two metabolic pathways that produce free radicals under normal
conditions in a hepatocyte.
TCA, pentosephoshate patheway
5.
name the precursors of the leukotrienes and the enzyme family that
synthesizes them.
Linolate  arachidonic acid by lipogenease
6. in animal tissues the glucose-to-pyruvate conversion requires O2. the glucoseto-lactate does not (fermentation). Give the reason in two sentences.
NAD is needed in case of glucose to pyruvate, NADH is needed in case of glucose
to lactate
7. write with structures the NADH-producing reaction of the fatty acid
oxidation.
Hydroxyenoyl CoA 3ketoenoyl CoA hydroxyenoyl dehydrogenaes
8. whiche enzyme(s) modifie(s) covalently the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
a kinease, Pyruvate dehydrogenease complex by phosphorylation
9. write with structures the malate dehydrogenase reaction.
Malate  oxaloacetate
10. which citrate cycle enzymes are regulated by NADH. In what direction?
Isocitrate dh, a-ketoglutarate dh, malate dh (-)
11. name the substrates pruducts of Complex-1. indicate their redox state.
NADH dehydrogenease, NADH is the reduced state
12. what is the function of the uncoupling proteins?
17
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07/08
Transfer H+ through the membrane and produce heat
13. name the products of the pentose phosphate pathway.
NADPH, ribose5phosphate, xyulose 5 phosphate
14. write with structures the gluconeogenic reaction, which is allostericly
regulated by fructose-2, 6-bisphosphate.
fructose 1,6 bisphoshate fructose 6 phosphate F26BP inhibit phosphatase
activate PFK1
15. list the substrate and products of glycogen synthase.
UDP- Glucose  glycogen
16. list the enzymes that are bound to the single-phosphorylated glycogen
targeting protein.
Glycogen Synthase, glycogen phosphoylase
17. write with structures the reactions catalyzed by enoyl-ACP hydratase.
3 Hydroxybutyryol ACP  enoyl ACP
18. name a C5, C10, C15 and a C30 isoprenoid.
Isoprene, garneyl, farmesyl, Squalene
19. what can molar extinction coefficient be used for?
“used for determination of absorption rate”
20. what kind of physical interaction between column and the sample molecules
represent the basis of separation in the case of reverse-phase high-pressure
liquid chromatography.
21. adding DTNB solution to a dialysed protein solution results in turning the
color of the solution to yellow. What is your conclusion?
SH. Group is detected
22. what should we add to a glycine solution to get a buffer with high buffering
capacity at around pH 2.5?
18
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something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to
use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test.
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07/08
23. what is the advantage of the enzymatic determination of blood glucose level
over the chemical methods?
19