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This was answered in midnight when i was exhausted. So wrongs might be found I corrected something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test. Structures are not included here. 07/08 1. which moieties are responsible for the negative and the positive charge in the phosphatidylcholine? Phosphate (-) Choline or the N-Group (+) 2. via which enzymes and in what direction does insulin regulate the cholesterol synthesis? HMG-CoA Synthase. More production of cholesterol 3. write with structures the reaction catalyzed by ornithine transcarbamoylase. Carbamoyl + ornithine citrulline 4. write with structures the alanin-aminotransferase reaction. Alanine + OAA – plp-- pyruvate + aspartate 5. write with structures the reaction which is defective in methylmalonic academia. Propinyl CoAsuccinyl CoA Methylmalonyl CoA mutase 6. what kind(s) of bonds keep together the insulin molecule? diSulfide bonds 7. write the michaelis-menton equation for one substrate-enzym reaction V0= Vmax*[S] / Km+[S] 8. name the most frequent glycosaminoglycans of the extracellular matrix. Hyaluric acid 9. what is the role of glutathione in the cell? Neutralize ROS. Need NADPH 10. write the structure of the amino acid precursor of histamine. Precursor: histidine 11. write with structures the triose phosphatate isomerise reaction. Dihydroacetonephosphate glaceraldehyde 3 phosphate 12. write the three possible fates of pyruvate. 1 This was answered in midnight when i was exhausted. So wrongs might be found I corrected something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test. Structures are not included here. 07/08 Alanine (aminotrnsferase), Oxaloacetate ( pyruvate carboxylase), Acetyl CoA (pyruvate dehydrogenase), Lactose (lactate dehydrogenase), ethanol, 13. which lipoprotein contains the highest percentage of cholesterol. LDL 14. write with names the overall equation of the B-oxidation of octanoyl-CoA. Octanyol-CoA3FADH2+3NADH+4Acetyl-CoA 15. list three enzymes that are allostericly regulatet by AMP. PFK1, isocitrate dh, succinyl-CoA Synthase 16. write with structures the succinyl-CoA synthetase reaction. Succinyl-CoA - Succinate 17. write the names of all the enzymes that catalyze reaction in which carbon atoms of pyruvate are released in the form of CO2. Pyruvate dh, citrate synthase, aconitase, isocitrate dh, a-ketoglutarate dh, 18. what is the biological function of the F1F0 ATPase. Name a specific inhibitor of the complex. ATP production, oligomysin, 19. which enzyme is inhibited by malonyl-CoA? Name the type of this inhibition. CPT I/II allosteric 20. write with structures the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase reaction. 6phosphogluconate ribulose5phosphate 21. write with structures the overall reaction of gluconeogenesis using pyruvate as a substrate. PyruvateOAAPEP2PG3PG1,3BPGGA3P(DHAP)F1,6BPF6 PG6PGlucose 22. which enzyme is the glucose sensor in the liver? Glucokinease 23. in response to which hormone, and I what direction does the level of 2,6bisphosphate change? 2 This was answered in midnight when i was exhausted. So wrongs might be found I corrected something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test. Structures are not included here. 07/08 Insulin, activate F26BP (more) 24. write with structures the reaction catalyzed by the B-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase. 3 hydroxybutryol ACP Enoyl ACP 25. name the organ and the organelle where the ketone bodies are formed. Liver, mitochondria, 26. how is phosphatidyl-serine synthesized in mammals? DAG + CDP-Ethanolamine phosphatidylethanolamine (+ serine) phosphatidylserine 27. name an allosteric activator, an inhibitor, an activating and inhibiting enzyme that regulate the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Citrate synthase, Citrate (activator), palmitoyl-coa synthase, palmitoyl-CoA (inhibit) 28. write with structures the reaction catalyzed by arginase. Arginine Urea + ornithine 29. which hormone, in what direction, and in which tissue regulates the activity of GLUT 4. No of glut 4 increase Insulin (fructose in to the cell) intestinal epithelium spermatozoa, 30. write with structures the reaction which is defective in phenylketonuria. Phenylalanine –phenylalanine hydroxylase- tyrosine 31. light absorption of which two compounds forms the physical fundamentum of warburgs optical test? NAD+/NADH 32. name a substance that is used in reversible precitation of proteins. Ph, precipitation (NH4(SO4)2 ,, polyethylene glycol 33. name two methods used for immortalization of non-dividing cells. Spontaneous transformation, transfection, somatic cell fusion 3 This was answered in midnight when i was exhausted. So wrongs might be found I corrected something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test. Structures are not included here. 07/08 34. name two protein separation methods, which utilizes the size differences of the proteins to be separated. Gel filtration, SDS-Page 4 This was answered in midnight when i was exhausted. So wrongs might be found I corrected something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test. Structures are not included here. 07/08 1. what is the most common covalent modification of enzymes and which amino acid residues are modified? Phosphorylation, (serine/theorine residue ???) 2. how much is the actual velocity of an enzyme reaction relative to the maximal velocity if the substrate concentration: is equal to the Km value………. 5* Km………. ½ when Km= [S] 5/6 when 5*Km= [S] 3. name the enzyme reaction in which the ATPase produced in the light reaction of photosynthesis are utilized in the Calvin cycles. Ubisco 4. name the precursors of peroxynitrite. H2O2 + NO 5. write with names the creatine kinase reaction. Indicate with arrows whether the reaction is reversible or irreversible. Creatine +ATP Creatine phosphate + ADP 6. write with structures the glyceraldehyde-3-P-dehydrogenase reaction. Glyceraldehyde3phosphate 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 7. how many ATPs can be produced when a glucose 6-phosphate is converted to CO2 and water? 37-39 ATP 8. which lipoprotein contains the highest percentage of proteins? HDL 9. write with names the activation reaction of palmitate. Palmitate + CoASH (palmitoyl CoA synthase) Palmitoyl CoA 10. write with structures the malic enzyme reaction. Malate pyruvate 11. write with structures the aconitase reaction . 5 This was answered in midnight when i was exhausted. So wrongs might be found I corrected something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test. Structures are not included here. 07/08 citrate isocitrate 12. list the allosteric regulators of citrate synthase. Indicate whether the given substance is an activator or an inhibitor. Citrate, ATP, (-) ADP(+) 13. what is the first freely diffusible intermediate which takes over hydrogens deriving from succinate? FAD+ 14. name the compound which can carry the palmitate through the inner mitochondrial membrane and what kind of chemical bond formed between the two molecules, Carnitine. Covalent 15. the defect of which enzyme cause galactosemia? Galacto-1-phosphate uridyl transferase, galactokinease, UDP-galactoepimerease 16. write with structure the pyruvate-kinase reaction. PEPPyruvate 17. list the substrate and products of glycogen phosphorylase. Glycogen glucose-1-phosphate, glucose 18. name the enzymes that are involved in the regulation by insulin of glycogen synthase activity. Phosphatase 19. write with structures the reaction catalyzed by ATP citrate lyase. Citrate oxaloacetate + acetyl CoA 20. what are the two possible fates of 2-hydroxyl-2-methyl-glutaryl-CoA in mammals? Ketobody synthesis, cholesterol synthesis 21. write with schematic structures the formation of CDP-diacylglycerol. Diacylglycerol ---- cdp transferease- cdp-diacylglycerol 6 This was answered in midnight when i was exhausted. So wrongs might be found I corrected something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test. Structures are not included here. 07/08 22. what are the differences between the synthesis of palmitic acid and oleic acid? Palmitic is saturated, oleic is unsaturated 23. write with structures the overall reaction catalyzed by glutaminase. Glutamine + H2O → Glutamate + NH3 24. name the a.a which collect the amino groups of other a. a with transamination reactions in the different organs. Indicate the organ in which the given a.a characteristically performs this duty next to the name of the a.a. glutamate — a-ketoglutarate, oxaloacetate --- aspartate, alanine, glutamine ??????? 25. write with structures the reaction which is defective in albinism. tyrosine –tyrosinase melanin 26. name two separation methods that utilizes the charge differences of the proteins to be separated. Ion-exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing, SDS-page 27. list what you should measure to determine the specific activity of lactate dehydrogenase in a muscle homogenate. NAD/NADH , lactose before – lactose after over time 28. what is the advantage of using fluorescence rather than light absorption for concentration measurements? More specific, 29. why does iodoacetamide inhibit fermentation? Binds covalently to Cysteine residue 30. what happens to the inorganic phosphate concentration in the heart during ischemia. Increase. 7 This was answered in midnight when i was exhausted. So wrongs might be found I corrected something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test. Structures are not included here. 07/08 1. Write the structure of the a-helix-breaking amino acid. 2. name a characteristice that is identical among the isozymes, and three that can be different among them. Can do the same reaction, diff: specifity, properties 3. write the hill reaction as it happens in the chloroplast in plants. 4. name the precursor aa for NO (endothelial derived relaxation factor). 5. write the structure of the aa precursor of dopamine. Tyrosine 6. write with structures the hexokinase reaction. glucose glucose 6 phosphate 7. list the allosteric regulators of pyruvate kinase-1. indicate whether the given compound activates or inhibits the enzyme. ATP(+), F16BP (-) 8. write three differences between intestinal lipases and lipoprotein lipases. Lipoprotein lipase hydrolyses lipid in lipoprotein to free fatty acid or glycerol molecule and require cofactor Apo-CII, functioning in endothelium, blood Lipase catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester bonds in water–insoluble, lipid substrates, functioning in digestive tract or juice 9. write with structures the thiolase reaction. 3Acetoacyl CoA + CoASH Acetyl CoA + myrisitol 10. write the overall reaction catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Pyruvate + NAD + CoASH Acetyl-CoA +NADH 11. write with structures the isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction. Isocitratea-ketoglutarate 12. which compound provide the oxygen atoms to the citric acid cycle for the carbondioxide formation. 8 This was answered in midnight when i was exhausted. So wrongs might be found I corrected something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test. Structures are not included here. 07/08 13. list the heme-containing complexes of the respiratory chain. Ubiquinone cytochrome oxireductase, cytochrome osidase 14. name two pathways that convert cytosolic NADH to mitochondrial NADH. Glycerol phosphate, malate aspartate shuttle 15. write with structures the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction. Glucose 6 phosphate 6 phosphoglucolactone 16. write with structures the obligate first reaction of lactate before entering any other metabolic pathways in the mammals. Lactate pyruvate 17. list the enzymes that are involved in the conversion of a glycogen molecule entirely to glucose. glycogen phosphorylase, uridyl-transferease 18. name the enzymes that are involved in the regulation by glucagon of glycogen phosphorylase activity. Phosphorylase kinease glycogen phosphorylase 19. write the overall reaction of the synthesis of a palmitic acid, starting from acetyl-CoA. Acetyl CoAmalonyl CoAMalonyl ACPAcetoacetyl ACP3hydroxybutryol ACPenoyl ACPacyl ACP (continuation of cycle from Malonyl ACP till C16) palmitoyl ACP palmitate 20. write three mechanisms by which cholesterol regulates its own intracellular concentration. Inhibit DNA transcription of SRE gene, HMG-reductase. Activate cholesterol synthesis 21. write with structure the HMG-CoA synthase reaction. Acetyl CoA + Acetoacetyl CoA HMG-CoA 22. write with structures the reaction that produces glycerol-3-phosphate as it is occurring in the liver. 9 This was answered in midnight when i was exhausted. So wrongs might be found I corrected something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test. Structures are not included here. 07/08 Glycerol—glycerol kineaseglycerol 3 phosphate 23. write with structure the overall reaction catalyzed by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. NH4+ + HCO3- + 2ATP Carbamoyl phosphate + ADP + PP 24. name exclusively ketoplasmic amino acids. Lysine, threonine, leusine 25. write with structure the reaction which is defective in maple syrup urine disease. Branched chain keto dehydrogenase a-keto-b-methylvalerate a-methylvalerate a-ketoisovalerateisobutyryl CoA a-ketoisocaproate isovaleryl CoA 26. list three substances that are used for the de-proteinization of biological samples. Trichloroacetic acid, heavy metals, acidic acid, heat, alkaline solution 27. name a technique that is used for the determination of the 3-dim structure of proteins. (sanger)X-ray reflection 28. five ml muscle extract has 1200 U citrate synthase and 80 mg protein. What is the specific activity of citrate synthase in this muscle extract? U enzymes/Mg protein 1200/80 29. what substrate concentration should we use for determination of enzyme activity? Saturated 10 This was answered in midnight when i was exhausted. So wrongs might be found I corrected something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test. Structures are not included here. 07/08 1. name two types of enzyme inhibition that don’t follow michaelis-menton kinetics. Allosteric inhibition, covalent 2. write the name and structure of the CO2-acceptor substance of plants. 3. in which intracellular compartment is channelling the best established? What is the advantage of supramolecular organization of enzymes over the free diffusion mechanism? 4. write with names the creatine kinase reaction. What is the significance of the reaction? Creatine + ATP Creatine phosphate + ADP 5. write with structure the enolase reaction. 2glyceratephosphate phosphorenolpyruvate 6. in which organ and in what form is glucose stored in mammals? in liver as glycogen 7. write with structures the enoyl-CoA hydratase reaction of B-oxidation. Trans-d2-enoyl Hydroxyenoyl CoA 8. list the cofactor requirement for activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. NAD+ 9. write with structures the aconitase reaction. Citrate isocitrate 10. which citrate cycle enzymes are regulated by NADH? In which direction? Isocitrate dh, a ketoglutarate dh, malate dh 11. which component of the respiratory chain is involved in the activation of apoptosis? Cytochrome oxidase 11 This was answered in midnight when i was exhausted. So wrongs might be found I corrected something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test. Structures are not included here. 07/08 12. write the name of two anaplerotic reactions. Glutamate DH, pyruvate carboxylase, transamination of glutamate and aspartate 13. what are the two most important products of the penthose phosphate pathway? What are these products used for? NADPH for fatty acid synthesis Ribulose 5 phoshate 14. write with structures the glugoneogenic reaction that is regulated by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. Fructose 6 phosphate fructose 1,6 bisphoshate PFK-1, fructose 1,6 bisphophatase 15. list the enzymes that are involved it the formation of glycogen from glucose in mammals. Hexo/gluco kinease, glucose6phosphate mutase, uridyl transferease, glycogen synthase 16. name the enzyme, which regulates covalently both the glycogen phosphotylase and glycogen synthase. Protein kinease A 17. write with structures the reaction catalyzed by B-ketoacyl-ACP reductase enzyme.* Acetoacetyl ACP l-3hydroxybutryol ACP 18. name three types of compounds produced from cholesterol. Steriod hormones, Bile, Cholesterol esters 19. write with schematic structures the formation of CDP-diacylglycerol. Phosphatic acid diacylglycerol uridyl transferease 20. via which enzyme does palmitic acid regulate its synthesis? In what direction? AcetylCoA carboxylase (-) of acetyl CoA Malonyl CoA 21. name the main molecule which collect the carbon skeleton of aa before they enter the major catabolic pathway. Aspartate, glutamate 12 This was answered in midnight when i was exhausted. So wrongs might be found I corrected something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test. Structures are not included here. 07/08 22. write with structures the alanin-oxaloacetate aminotransferase reaction. pyruvate + asparate ↔ alanine + oxaloacetate 23. write with names the reaction, which is defective in phenylketonuria. Phenylalanine tyrosin phenylalanine dehydrogenase 24. what can we determine by using DNTB? SH enzymes concentration 13 This was answered in midnight when i was exhausted. So wrongs might be found I corrected something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test. Structures are not included here. 07/08 1. what is the most biological important function og HSP 70? Chaperone, protein folding 2. draw the double reciprocal plot of an uncompetitive inhibition for a one substrate enzyme reaction, inhibited by an inhibitor at two different concentrations. 3. from what compound and where is oxygen produced? 4. write two possibilities for where endogenous free radicals can be produced. Respiratory chain reaction 5. name the starting compound for heme synthesis. Glycine, succinyl CoA 6. write with structures the hexokinase reaction. Glucose + ATP Glucose 6 phosphate + ADP 7. list the allosteric regulators of phosphofructokinase-1. Indicate whether the given compound activates or inhibits the enzyme. F26BP, AMP(+) ATP, Citrate(-) 8. which lipoprotein contain the highest percentage of triaglycerols? Chylo microns 9. write with names the overall equation of the B-oxidation of octanoyl-CoA. Octanoyl CoA + 3NAD + 3FAD 3 NADH +3FADH + 4Acetyl CoA 10. list the allosteric regulators of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Indicate whether the given compound activates or inhibits the enzyme. NADH, Acetyl CoA (-) Ca,ADP,pyruvate (+) 11. write with structures the reactions catalyzed by the a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase complex. a-ketoglutaratesuccinyl CoA 14 This was answered in midnight when i was exhausted. So wrongs might be found I corrected something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test. Structures are not included here. 07/08 12. how many ATPs can be produced when a pyruvate is converted to CO2 and water? 14-15 13. what is the biological function og F1F0-ATPase. Name a specific inhibitor of the complex. Oligomycin, ATP production 14. name the compound that can carry the palmitate through the inner mitochondrial membrane and what kind of chemical bond is formed between the two molecules? Carnithine, covalent 15. write with structures the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction. Glucose 6 phosphate 6phosphoglucolactone 16. write with structures the obligate first reaction of lactate before entering any other metabolic pathways in mammals. Lactate pyruvate 17. name all the products and substrates of glycogen synthase. UDP glucoseglycogen 18. in which tissue and by what substance is glygogen phosphorylase inhibited allostericly? Liver. Glucose 1 phosphate 19. write with structures the actelyl-CoA carboxylase reaction. Acetyl CoA malonyl CoA 20. what are the two possible fates of 2-hydroxy-2methylglutaryl-CoA in mammals? Ketobodies, cholesterol synthesis 21. name the starting compound for sphingolipid synthesis. Palmitoyl CoA, Serine, (ceramide) 22. from what starting compound what compound does cyclooxygenase produce? 15 This was answered in midnight when i was exhausted. So wrongs might be found I corrected something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test. Structures are not included here. 07/08 Arachidonic acid, prostagladins 23. write with structures the ornithine transcarboxylase reaction. Carbamoyl +orinithine citrulline 24. name the exclusively ketoplastic amino acids. threonine, leucine, lysine 25. what physical phenomenon forms the basis of dialysis? Filtration, through semipermable membrane 26. how does the Vmax and the Km change during uncompetitive inhibition? Vmax change, Km change 27. is it essential to use lacer light for confocal microscopy? Explain. Nope, confocal microscope uses point illumination and a pinhole in an optically conjugate plane in front of the detector to eliminate out-of-focus information. Only the light within the focal plane can be detected, so the image quality is much better than that of wide-field images. 28. why does the concentration of inorganic phosphate and Ca “+ increase during ischemia? to compensate the body enough oxygen . Ca Pi more contraction 16 This was answered in midnight when i was exhausted. So wrongs might be found I corrected something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test. Structures are not included here. 07/08 1. which type of compounds determine the antigen features of human red blood cells? 2. give two examples of the biological function of lectins. 3. name the substrate and the products of the light reaction of the photosynthesis. 4. name two metabolic pathways that produce free radicals under normal conditions in a hepatocyte. TCA, pentosephoshate patheway 5. name the precursors of the leukotrienes and the enzyme family that synthesizes them. Linolate arachidonic acid by lipogenease 6. in animal tissues the glucose-to-pyruvate conversion requires O2. the glucoseto-lactate does not (fermentation). Give the reason in two sentences. NAD is needed in case of glucose to pyruvate, NADH is needed in case of glucose to lactate 7. write with structures the NADH-producing reaction of the fatty acid oxidation. Hydroxyenoyl CoA 3ketoenoyl CoA hydroxyenoyl dehydrogenaes 8. whiche enzyme(s) modifie(s) covalently the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? a kinease, Pyruvate dehydrogenease complex by phosphorylation 9. write with structures the malate dehydrogenase reaction. Malate oxaloacetate 10. which citrate cycle enzymes are regulated by NADH. In what direction? Isocitrate dh, a-ketoglutarate dh, malate dh (-) 11. name the substrates pruducts of Complex-1. indicate their redox state. NADH dehydrogenease, NADH is the reduced state 12. what is the function of the uncoupling proteins? 17 This was answered in midnight when i was exhausted. So wrongs might be found I corrected something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test. Structures are not included here. 07/08 Transfer H+ through the membrane and produce heat 13. name the products of the pentose phosphate pathway. NADPH, ribose5phosphate, xyulose 5 phosphate 14. write with structures the gluconeogenic reaction, which is allostericly regulated by fructose-2, 6-bisphosphate. fructose 1,6 bisphoshate fructose 6 phosphate F26BP inhibit phosphatase activate PFK1 15. list the substrate and products of glycogen synthase. UDP- Glucose glycogen 16. list the enzymes that are bound to the single-phosphorylated glycogen targeting protein. Glycogen Synthase, glycogen phosphoylase 17. write with structures the reactions catalyzed by enoyl-ACP hydratase. 3 Hydroxybutyryol ACP enoyl ACP 18. name a C5, C10, C15 and a C30 isoprenoid. Isoprene, garneyl, farmesyl, Squalene 19. what can molar extinction coefficient be used for? “used for determination of absorption rate” 20. what kind of physical interaction between column and the sample molecules represent the basis of separation in the case of reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. 21. adding DTNB solution to a dialysed protein solution results in turning the color of the solution to yellow. What is your conclusion? SH. Group is detected 22. what should we add to a glycine solution to get a buffer with high buffering capacity at around pH 2.5? 18 This was answered in midnight when i was exhausted. So wrongs might be found I corrected something but there one marked with * which I didn't bother to check (is wrong.) feel free to use it and check the answer. Check the structures as well since those are important for the test. Structures are not included here. 07/08 23. what is the advantage of the enzymatic determination of blood glucose level over the chemical methods? 19