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Name: ______________________________________________ Date: ____________________________ Period: _____
Review Packet: DNA, RNA, and Protein
Directions: Read through the questions and answer them to the best of your ability. Answers do not need to be in
complete sentences, though the must be answered thoroughly and accurately to receive full credit.
Topic 1: DNA History and Structure
1. Label the nucleotide and double helix pictured below with the three parts of a nucleotide: deoxyribose sugar,
phosphate group, nitrogenous base.
2. If we think of a DNA molecule as a ladder….
Alternating _______________ and ______________ make up the sides of the ladder. The sides of the ladder are
considered the “backbones” of the DNA molecule. ______________________ make up the “rungs” (middle bars) of
the ladder. The “rungs” are held together by ________________ bonds.
3. What is the full name for DNA? What does this name tell you about the molecule? (Hint: Break the word down!)
4. In a DNA Double Helix…
Adenine pairs with _____________________.
Guanine pairs with _____________________.
5. Write out the base sequence for a DNA strand complementary to the following strand.
A T C G G C A A T G C C A G A
***Note: please be able to recognize the term COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING!***
6. Would a nerve cell and a blood cell from a human contain the same DNA? Explain your answer.
7. Explain the meaning of the following statement: “The two strands of the DNA double helix are antiparallel.”
Topic 2: DNA Replication
8. The process of DNA replication is important before a cell divides. Why is this the case?
9. Fill in the blanks with numbers! During DNA replication, we begin with _______ double helix, and end with
_________. Each double helix has _______ new strand, and ________ parent (template) strand.
10. *In the image below, you should be able to label the old strands and the new strands
11. Label the order of events involved in DNA replication using 1, 2, or 3.
__________ Enzymes unzip the parent double
helix.
__________ Building the new DNA strand by
matching free nucleotides with bases on the parent
strand.
__________ New molecules that are semiconservative are created because each strand has
one old and one new strand.
B
12. Which daughter strand (A or B) on the diagram to
the right is the leading strand and which is the
lagging strand? How do you know?
13. What type of bonds hold nitrogen bases together across the double helix? Why is it a good thing for DNA
replication that these are weak bonds?
Topic 3: Protein Synthesis (Transcription and Translation)
14. DNA  mRNA  protein
Transcription of DNA to mRNA happens in the _________________.
Translation of mRNA to protein happens in the _________________.
15. Which type of RNA is responsible for carrying information from the DNA in the nucleus out to the ribosome to
make a protein?
16. Why can’t DNA leave the nucleus?
17. Which type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome and “reads” the information in mRNA?
18. Use the table below to compare DNA and RNA, two types of nucleic acids.
DNA
RNA
A. Number of Strands
B. Nitrogen Bases
C. Sugars
19. Three nitrogen bases found on an mRNA strand are called a codon. Each codon
matches with ONE amino acid.
How many codons are needed to make 4 amino acids? _________________
How many bases are needed to make 4 amino acids? __________________
20. Each codon matches with a(n) __________________ found on a tRNA molecule.
21. Label the DNA, mRNA, tRNA, Ribosome, Amino Acids, Polypeptide on the picture below.
22. Transcribe the following DNA sequences into mRNA.
A T C G A T C G A G C G A T T A
___________________________________
C G A G A A C T T T A C G G A T
___________________________________
23. Use a codon chart (either the circle chart shown to the right or the
square chart from your notes) to translate the following mRNA
sequence into protein. Abbreviate the amino acids with the first three
letters of the full name.
AUG
ACG
GCA
GGG
CCC
CGA
AAA
UAA
__________________________________________________
AUG
UUU
GCG
ACC
ACA
AUA
GGG
UGA
__________________________________________________
The START CODON is __________.
The 3 STOP CODONS are _________, ________, and_________.
24. Determine the tRNA sequence that matches with the following DNA sequence. (Hint: you will have to find the
mRNA sequence before finding the tRNA sequence.)
T A C G A G T T A A G C C A T
mRNA ___________________________________
tRNA
___________________________________
25. What types of bonds connect amino acids together within a polypeptide?
Topic 4: Mutations
26. What is the difference between a large chromosomal mutation and a gene mutation?
27. Identify and describe the types of large chromosomal mutations (look in your Notes).
28. Describe the difference between a point and frameshift mutation.
29. Describe the difference between the three different types of point mutation—silent, missense, and nonsense.
30. Describe the difference between the two types of frameshift mutation—insertion, and deletion.
31. A mutation will only be passed onto the offspring if it happens where?