Download Matthew Mekari

Matthew Mekari
Biology per.7
11/28/04
Ch.6 Outline
I.
How do organisms supply themselves with energy?
A. All organisms need energy.
B. The ultimate source of energy for most organisms is sunlight.
C. Plants and all other organisms that obtain energy and synthesize
organic molecules from inorganic molecules are autotrophs.
D. Animals, fungi, and other organisms that obtain chemical energy
from other organisms are heterophs.
II.
What is the common currency of energy for organisms?
A. The main way that organisms break down organic molecules is
cellular respiration, the oxygen dependent process by which cells
extract energy from food molecules.
B. Most eukaryotes cells (and many prokaryotic cells ) are aerobic,
that is, they depend on oxygen for life.
C. Many prokaryotes and a few eukaryotes can live anaerobically,
without oxygen.
III.
How do heterotrophs extract energy from macromolecules?
A. Large molecules must undergo digestion, splitting into smaller
units- proteins to amino acids, polysaccharides to glucose and
other simple sugars, and fats to fatty acids and glycerol.
B. In animals and fungi, most digestion takes place outside the cell
through the action of secreted enzymes, in the intestinal tract of
animals , or in the space surrounding the fungus.
C. Digestion generates small, energy rich molecules that move across
the cell membrane into the cytosol.
D. Digestion breaks down proteins, nucleic acid, and lipids into small
molecules that can enter the cell.
IV.
What are the stages of cell respiration?
A. Cells extract energy from glucose by breaking the bonds between
to the high-energy bonds of ATP.
B. In glycolysis, a six-carbon glucose is broken in half, forming two
molecules of pyruvate, each with three carbon atoms.
C. The fourth stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation.
D. During phosphorylation, the energy released from the breaking of
the carbon-carbon and carbon hydrogen bonds in glucose is
transfer to phosphorus-oxygen bonds in ATP.
V.
What is oxidation?
A. A molecule that accepts an electron is called an electron acceptor,
or oxidizing agent.
B. A molecule that donates an electron is called an electron donator,
or reducing agent.
C. Coenzymes are organic molecules that are necessary participants
in certain in certain enzyme reactions, often as electron donors or
acceptors.
VI.
Citric Acid cycle
A. The breakdown of complex molecules is catabolism.
B. The synthesis of complex molecules is catabolism.
VII.
Which molecules serve as electron carriers?
A. The electrons from NADH and FADH2 make their way to oxygen by
a series of other molecules, called electron carriers.
B. The pathway of electrons (from one carrier to another) is called the
Electron Transport Chain.
C. In eukaryotes, the transfer occurs in the mitochondrial membrane.
D. In prokaryotes, these reactions occur in association with the cell
membrane.
E. Cytochrome is a set of heme-containing electron carrier proteins
that change color as they accept or donate electrons.
VIII.
How does the flow of protons back into the matrix cause the synthesis
of ATP ?
A. As the protons flow, a protein complex called ATP synthase uses
the flow of protons to drive the synthesis of ATP.
B. ATP synthase works like a windmill, which converts the kinetic
energy of wind to electric energy.
C. The coupling factor is a protein complex in the mitochondrial
membrane that uses the flow of protons to drive the synthesis of
ATP.