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35.4 Immune System Disorders When the Immune System “Misfires” The immune systems of some people _________________________ to harmless antigens, such as ________________________, dust mites, mold, and ___________________________. A strong immune response to harmless antigens can produce __________________, _____________________, and _______________________________. . Allergies Antigens that cause allergic reactions are called __________________________. __________________________, dead skin shed from cats and dogs, is a common _______________________________. Allergies When allergens enter people affected by ________________________, they trigger an inflammatory response -mast cells release histamines. If this response occurs in the respiratory system, it increases mucus production and causes _____________________________, __________________________, a runny nose, and other irritations. Drugs called antihistamines help relieve allergy symptoms by counteracting the effects of histamines. Holistic Approach-eat local honey Asthma Allergic reactions in the respiratory system can create a dangerous condition called ___________________________. Asthma is a chronic disease in which air ____________________________, causing wheezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing. Both ______________________________ and ___________________________factors influence asthma symptoms. Asthma attacks can be ______________________________by respiratory infections, exercise, emotional stress, and certain medications. Other triggers include cold or ____________________, _______________, ________________, tobacco _______________, __________________, ________________, and _______________________________. Asthma Severe asthma can lead to permanent ________________________or destruction of lung tissue if not treated properly There is no cure, but one can sometimes control the condition. If the attacks are caused by an _____________________, tests can identify which allergens cause the problem. _______________________________can relax smooth muscles around the airways and relieve asthma symptoms. Autoimmune Diseases Sometimes a disease occurs in which the immune system fails to properly recognize “___________,” and it attacks cells in the body like they were pathogens. When the immune system attacks the body’s own cells, it produces an autoimmune disease. Examples of autoimmune diseases are____________________, rheumatoid ___________________, and ____________________. Autoimmune Diseases In Type I diabetes, antibodies attack ____________________________________in the pancreas. In rheumatoid arthritis, antibodies ___________________________________around the joints. _______________ is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack organs and tissues leading to areas of chronic inflammation throughout the body. Autoimmune Diseases Some autoimmune diseases can be treated with medications that alleviate specific symptoms. For example, people with Type I diabetes can take ________________________. Other autoimmune diseases are treated with medications that suppress the immune response. However, these need monitored. When the Immune System “Misfires” How can misguided immune responses cause problems? ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ HIV and AIDS During the late 1970s, physicians reported serious infections by __________________________________________that didn’t normally cause disease. Healthy people suffer from ___________________________________, rare forms of skin cancer, & _______________________________of the mouth and throat. Doctors concluded that these patients must have weakened immune systems. Diseases that attack a person with a weakened immune system = _____________________________________. HIV and AIDS Doctors ultimately recognized that these illnesses were symptoms of a new disorder they called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (__________________). In 1983, researchers identified the cause of AIDS—a virus they called human immunodeficiency virus (_____________). HIV HIV is deadly for two reasons. First, HIV can ____________________from the defenses of the immune system. Second, ________________________________within the immune system, leaving the body with inadequate protection against other pathogens. HIV HIV is a retrovirus that carries its genetic information in ________________, rather than _________________. When HIV attacks a cell, it binds to receptor molecules on the cell membrane and inserts its contents into the ______________________. Target: T Cells HIV travels through the blood, where it binds to __________________________—the command centers of the specific immune response. Once inside the cell, the virus directs the cell to produce many new viruses. These new viruses are quickly released back into the ____________________, where they infect new cells. Target: T Cells HIV destroys T cells, crippling the ability of the immune system to fight _________________ and other _______________________. Monitoring progression of ___________by counting helper T cells. The fewer helper T cells, the more susceptible to other diseases. When an HIV-infected person’s T cell count reaches about _________ the normal level, he/ she is diagnosed with AIDS. HIV Transmission HIV is not easily ______________________________. *NOT ~coughing/______________________/sharing clothes/______________________. *IS ~contact with infected blood/________________/vaginal secretions/___________________. The four main ways that HIV is transmitted: ____________________________with an infected person ____________________________with an infected person _____________________________ with infected blood or blood products From infected mother to child: pregnancy/_____________/breast-feeding. Preventing HIV Infection You choose behaviors that reduce your risk of becoming infected with HIV. ______________________________________________ People who share ________________________for drugs are at an increased risk. People who have ___________________ with drug abusers increase risk. Before 1985, HIV was transmitted to some patients through _____________________ of infected blood or blood products. eliminated by screening blood for HIV antibodies & by discouraging potentially infected individuals from donating blood. Preventing HIV Infection This graph shows the increase in cases 13-24-year-olds living with AIDS in the United States. Can AIDS Be Cured? At present, there is _______________________for AIDS. New drugs, however, make it possible to survive HIV infection for ___________. HIV _______________________& _________________ rapidly. The virus has evolved into many strains that are resistant to most drugs used against them. No one has developed a vaccine that offers protection for any length of time. Can AIDS Be Cured? To control use a combination of_______________________________. Drugs interfere with the enzymes HIV uses to insert its RNA into a host cell No cure for HIV HIV and AIDS What causes AIDS and how is it spread? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________