Download 35 - Southgate Schools

35.4 Immune
System Disorders
When the Immune System “Misfires”
The immune systems of some people _________________________ to harmless
antigens, such as ________________________, dust mites, mold, and
___________________________.
A strong immune response to harmless antigens can produce
__________________, _____________________, and
_______________________________.
.
Allergies
Antigens that cause allergic reactions are called __________________________.
__________________________, dead skin shed from cats and dogs, is a common
_______________________________.
Allergies
When allergens enter people affected by ________________________, they
trigger an inflammatory response -mast cells release histamines.
If this response occurs in the respiratory system, it increases mucus production
and causes _____________________________, __________________________, a
runny nose, and other irritations.
Drugs called antihistamines help relieve allergy symptoms by counteracting the
effects of histamines.
Holistic Approach-eat local honey
Asthma
Allergic reactions in the respiratory system can create a dangerous condition
called ___________________________.
Asthma is a chronic disease in which air ____________________________,
causing wheezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing.
Both ______________________________ and
___________________________factors influence asthma symptoms.
Asthma attacks can be ______________________________by respiratory
infections, exercise, emotional stress, and certain medications. Other triggers include cold
or ____________________, _______________, ________________, tobacco
_______________, __________________, ________________, and
_______________________________.
Asthma
Severe asthma can lead to permanent ________________________or destruction
of lung tissue if not treated properly
There is no cure, but one can sometimes control the condition.
If the attacks are caused by an _____________________, tests can identify which
allergens cause the problem.
_______________________________can relax smooth muscles around the
airways and relieve asthma symptoms.
Autoimmune Diseases
Sometimes a disease occurs in which the immune system fails to properly
recognize “___________,” and it attacks cells in the body like they were pathogens.
When the immune system attacks the body’s own cells, it produces an
autoimmune disease.
Examples of autoimmune diseases are____________________, rheumatoid
___________________, and ____________________.
Autoimmune Diseases
In Type I diabetes, antibodies attack
____________________________________in the pancreas.
In rheumatoid arthritis, antibodies
___________________________________around the joints.
_______________ is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack organs
and tissues leading to areas of chronic inflammation throughout the body.
Autoimmune Diseases
Some autoimmune diseases can be treated with medications that alleviate specific
symptoms.
For example, people with Type I diabetes can take ________________________.
Other autoimmune diseases are treated with medications that suppress the
immune response. However, these need monitored.
When the Immune System “Misfires”
How can misguided immune responses cause problems?
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
HIV and AIDS
During the late 1970s, physicians reported serious infections by
__________________________________________that didn’t normally cause disease.
Healthy people suffer from ___________________________________, rare
forms of skin cancer, & _______________________________of the mouth and throat.
Doctors concluded that these patients must have weakened immune systems.
Diseases that attack a person with a weakened immune system =
_____________________________________.
HIV and AIDS
Doctors ultimately recognized that these illnesses were symptoms of a new
disorder they called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (__________________).
In 1983, researchers identified the cause of AIDS—a virus they called human
immunodeficiency virus (_____________).
HIV
HIV is deadly for two reasons.
First, HIV can ____________________from the defenses of the immune system.
Second, ________________________________within the immune system,
leaving the body with inadequate protection against other pathogens.
HIV
HIV is a retrovirus that carries its genetic information in ________________,
rather than _________________.
When HIV attacks a cell, it binds to receptor molecules on the cell membrane and
inserts its contents into the ______________________.
Target: T Cells
HIV travels through the blood, where it binds to
__________________________—the command centers of the specific immune response.
Once inside the cell, the virus directs the cell to produce many new viruses.
These new viruses are quickly released back into the ____________________,
where they infect new cells.
Target: T Cells
HIV destroys T cells, crippling the ability of the immune system to fight
_________________ and other _______________________.
Monitoring progression of ___________by counting helper T cells.
The fewer helper T cells, the more susceptible to other diseases.
When an HIV-infected person’s T cell count reaches about _________ the normal
level, he/ she is diagnosed with AIDS.
HIV Transmission
HIV is not easily ______________________________.
*NOT ~coughing/______________________/sharing
clothes/______________________.
*IS ~contact with infected blood/________________/vaginal
secretions/___________________.
The four main ways that HIV is transmitted:
____________________________with an infected person
____________________________with an infected person
_____________________________ with infected blood or blood products
From infected mother to child: pregnancy/_____________/breast-feeding.
Preventing HIV Infection
You choose behaviors that reduce your risk of becoming infected with HIV.
______________________________________________
People who share ________________________for drugs are at an increased risk.
People who have ___________________ with drug abusers increase risk.
Before 1985, HIV was transmitted to some patients through
_____________________ of infected blood or blood products.
eliminated by screening blood for HIV antibodies & by discouraging
potentially infected individuals from donating blood.
Preventing HIV Infection
This graph shows the increase in cases 13-24-year-olds living with AIDS in the
United States.
Can AIDS Be Cured?
At present, there is _______________________for AIDS.
New drugs, however, make it possible to survive HIV infection for ___________.
HIV _______________________& _________________ rapidly.
The virus has evolved into many strains that are resistant to most drugs used
against them.
No one has developed a vaccine that offers protection for any length of time.
Can AIDS Be Cured?
To control use a combination of_______________________________.
Drugs interfere with the enzymes HIV uses to insert its RNA into a host cell
No cure for HIV
HIV and AIDS
What causes AIDS and how is it spread?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________