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1. which moieties are responsible for the negative and the positive charge in the
phosphatidylcholine?
2. via which enzymes and in what direction does insulin regulate the cholesterol
synthesis?
3. write with structures the reaction catalyzed by ornithine transcarbamoylase.
4. write with structures the alanin-aminotransferase reaction.
5. write with structures the reaction which is defective in methylmalonic academia.
6. what kind(s) of bonds keep together the insulin molecule?
7. write the michaelis-menton equation for one substrate-enzym reaction
8. name the most frequent glycosaminoglycans of the extracellular matrix.
9. what is the role of glutathione in the cell?
10. write the structure of the amino acid precursor of histamine.
11. write with structures the triose phosphatate isomerise reaction.
12. write the three possible fates of pyruvate.
13. which lipoprotein contains the highest percentage of cholesterol.
14. write with names the overall equation of the B-oxidation of octanoyl-CoA.
15. list three enzymes that are allostericly regulatet by AMP.
16. write with structures the succinyl-CoA synthetase reaction.
17. write the names of all the enzymes that catalyze reaction in which carbon atoms of
pyruvate are released in the form of CO2.
18. what is the biological function of the F1F0 ATPase. Name a specific inhibitor of the
complex.
19. which enzyme is inhibited by malonyl-CoA? Name the type of this inhibition.
20. write with structures the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase reaction.
21. write with structures the overall reaction of gluconeogenesis using pyruvate as a
substrate.
22. which enzyme is the glucose sensor in the liver?
23. in response to which hormone, and I what direction does the level of 2,6-bisphosphate
change?
24. write with structures the reaction catalyzed by the B-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase.
25. name the organ and the organelle where the ketone bodies are formed.
26. how is phosphatidyl-serine synthesized in mammals?
27. name an allosteric activator, an inhibitor, an activating and inhibiting enzyme that
regulate the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
28. write with structures the reaction catalyzed by arginase.
29. which hormone, in what direction, and in which tissue regulates the activity of GLUT
4.
30. write with structures the reaction which is defective in phenylketonuria.
31. light absorption of which two compounds forms the physical fundamentum of
warburgs optical test?
32. name a substance that is used in reversible precitation of proteins.
33. name two methods used for immortalization of non-dividing cells.
34. name two protein separation methods, which utilizes the size differences of the
proteins to be separated.
1. what is the most common covalent modification of enzymes and which amino acid
residues are modified?
2. how much is the actual velocity of an enzyme reaction relative to the maximal velocity
if the substrate concentration: is equal to the Km value………. 5* Km……….
3. name the enzyme reaction in which the ATPase produced in the light reaction of
photosynthesis are utilized in the Calvin cycles.
4. name the precursors of peroxynitrite.
5. write with names the creatine kinase reaction. Indicate with arrows whether the
reaction is reversible or irreversible.
6. write with structures the glyceraldehyde-3-P-dehydrogenase reaction.
7. how many ATPs can be produced when a glucose 6-phosphate is converted to CO2
and water?
8. which lipoprotein contains the highest percentage of proteins?
9. write with names the activation reaction of palmitate.
10. write with structures the malic enzyme reaction.
11. write with structures the aconitase reaction .
12. list the allosteric regulators of citrate synthase. Indicate whether the given substance is
an activator or an inhibitor.
13. what is the first freely diffusible intermediate which takes over hydrogens deriving
from succinate?
14. name the compound which can carry the palmitate through the inner mitochondrial
membrane and what kind of chemical bond formed between the two molecules,
15. the defect of which enzyme cause galagtosemia?
16. write with structure the pyruvate-kinase reaction.
17. list the substrate and products of glycogen phosphorylase.
18. name the enzymes that are involved in the regulation by insulin of glycogen synthase
activity.
19. write with structures the reaction catalyzed by ATP citrate lyase.
20. what are the two possible fates of 2-hydroxyl-2-methyl-glutaryl-CoA in mammals?
21. write with schematic structures the formation of CDP-diacylglycerol.
22. what are the differences between the synthesis of palmitic acid and oleic acid?
23. write with structures the overall reaction catalyzed by glutaminase.
24. name the a.a which collect the amino groups of other a. a with transamination
reactions in the different organs. Indicate the organ in which the given a.a
characteristically performs this duty next to the name of the a.a.
25. write with structures the reaction which is defective in albinism.
26. name two separation methods that utilizes the charge differences of the proteins to be
separated.
27. list what you should measure to determine the specific activity of lactate
dehydrogenase in a muscle homogenate.
28. what is the advantage of using fluorescence rather than light absorption for
concentration measurements?
29. why does iodoacetamide inhibit fermentation?
30. what happens to the inorganic phosphate concentration in the heart during ischemia.
1. Write the structure of the a-helix-breaking amino acid.
2. name a characteristice that is identical among the isozymes, and three that can be
different among them.
3. write the hill reaction as it happens in the chloroplast in plants.
4. name the precursor aa for NO (endothelial derived relaxation factor).
5. write the structure of the aa precursor of dopamine.
6. write with structures the hexokinase reaction.
7. list the allosteric regulators of pyruvate kinase-1. indicate whether the given
compound activates or inhibits the enzyme.
8. write three differences between intestinal lipases and lipoprotein lipases.
9. write with structures the thiolase reaction.
10. write the overall reaction catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
11. write with structures the isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction.
12. which compound provide the oxygen atoms to the citric acid cycle for the
carbondioxide formation.
13. list the heme-containing complexes of the respiratory chain.
14. name two pathways that convert cytosolic NADH to mitochondrial NADH.
15. write with structures the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction.
16. write with structures the obligate first reaction of lactate before entering any other
metabolic pathways in the mammals.
17. list the enzymes that are involved in the conversion of a glycogen molecule entirely to
glucose.
18. name the enzymes that are involved in the regulation by glucagon of glycogen
phosphorylase activity.
19. write the overall reaction of the synthesis of a palmitic acid, starting from acetyl-CoA.
20. write three mechanisms by which cholesterol regulates its own intracellular
concentration.
21. write with structure the HMG-CoA synthase reaction.
22. write with structures the reaction that produces glycerol-3-phosphate as it is occurring
in the liver.
23. write with structure the overall reaction catalyzed by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase.
24. name exclusively ketoplasmic amino acids.
25. write with structure the reaction which is defective in maple syrup urine disease.
26. list three substances that are used for the de-proteinization of biological samples.
27. name a technique that is used for the determination of the 3-dim structure of proteins.
28. five ml muscle extract has 1200 U citrate synthase and 80 mg protein. What is the
specific activity of citrate synthase in this muscle extract?
29. what substrate concentration should we use for determination of enzyme activity?
1. name two types of enzyme inhibition that don’t follow michaelis-menton kinetics.
2. write the name and structure of the CO2-acceptor substance of plants.
3. in which intracellular compartment is channelling the best established? What is the
advantage of supramolecular organization of enzymes over the free diffusion mechanism?
4. write with names the creatine kinase reaction. What is the significance of the reaction?
5. write with structure the enolase reaction.
6. in which organ and in what form is glucose stored in mammals?
7. write with structures the enoyl-CoA hydratase reaction of B-oxidation.
8. list the cofactor requirement for activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
9. write with structures the asonetase reaction.
10. which citrate cycle enzymes are regulated by NADH? In which direction?
11. which component of the respiratory chain is involved in the activation of apoptosis?
12. write the name of two anaplerotic reactions.
13. what are the two most important products of the penthose phosphate pathway? What
are these products used for?
14. write with structures the glugoneogenic reaction that is regulated by fructose 2,6bisphosphate.
15. list the enzymes that are involved it the formation of glycogen from glucose in
mammals.
16. name the enzyme, which regulates covalently both the glycogen phosphotylase and
glycogen synthase.
17. write with structures the reaction catalyzed by B-ketoacyl-ACP reductase enzyme.
18. name three types of compounds produced from cholesterol.
19. write with schematic structures the formation of CDP-diacylglycerol.
20. via which enzyme does palmitic acid regulate its synthesis? In what direction?
21. name the main molecule which collect the carbon skeleton of aa before they enter the
major catabolic pathway.
22. write with structures the alanin-oxaloacetate aminotransferase reaction.
23. write with names the reaction, which is defective in phenylketonuria.
24. what can we determine by using DNTB?
1. what is the most biological important function og HSP 70?
2. draw the double reciprocal plot of an uncompetitive inhibition for a one substrate
enzyme reaction, inhibited by an inhibitor at two different concentrations.
3. from what compound and where is oxygen produced?
4. write two possibilities for where endogenous free radicals can be produced.
5. name the starting compound for heme synthesis.
6. write with structures the hexokinase reaction.
7. list the allosteric regulators of phosphofructokinase-1. Indicate whether the given
compound activates or inhibits the enzyme.
8. which lipoprotein contain the highest percentage of triaglycerols?
9. write with names the overall equation of the B-oxidation of octanoyl-CoA.
10. list the allosteric regulators of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Indicate whether the
given compound activates or inhibits the enzyme.
11. write with structures the reactions catalyzed by the a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase
complex.
12. how many ATPs can be produced when a pyruvate is converted to CO2 and water?
13. what is the biological function og F1F0-ATPase. Name a specific inhibitor of the
complex.
14. name the compound that can carry the palmitate through the inner mitochondrial
membrane and what kind of chemical bond is formed between the two molecules?
15. write with structures the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction.
16. write with structures the obligate first reaction of lactate before entering any other
metabolic pathways in mammals.
17. name all the products and substrates of glycogen synthase.
18. in which tissue and by what substance is glygogen phosphorylase inhibited
allostericly?
19. write with structures the actelyl-CoA carboxylase reaction.
20. what are the two possible fates of 2-hydroxy-2methylglutaryl-CoA in mammals?
21. name the starting compound for sphingolipid synthesis.
22. from what starting compound what compound does cyclooxygenase produce?
23. write with structures the ornithine transcarboxylase reaction.
24. name the exclusively ketoplastic amino acids.
25. what physical phenomenon forms the basis of dialysis?
26. how does the Vmax and the Km change during uncompetitive inhibition?
27. is it essential to use lacer light for confocal microscopy? Explain.
28. why does the concentration of inorganic phosphate and Ca “+ increase during
ischemia?
1.
2.
3.
4.
which type of compounds determine the antigen features of human red blood cells?
give two examples of the biological function of lectins.
name the substrate and the products of the light reaction of the photosynthesis.
name two metabolic pathways that produce free radicals under normal conditions in a
hepatocyte.
5. name the precursors of the leukotrienes and the enzyme family that synthesizes them.
6. in animal tissues the glucose-to-pyruvate conversion requires O2. the glucose-tolactate does not (fermentation). Give the reason in two sentences.
7. write with structures the NADH-producing reaction of the fatty acid oxidation.
8. whiche enzyme(s) modifie(s) covalently the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
9. write with structures the malate dehydrogenase reaction.
10. which citrate cycle enzymes are regulated by NADH. In what direction?
11. name the substrates pruducts of Complex-1. indicate their redox state.
12. what is the function of the uncoupling proteins?
13. name the products of the pentose phosphate pathway.
14. write with structures the gluconeogenic reaction, which is allostericly regulated by
fructose-2, 6-bisphosphate.
15. list the substrate and products of glycogen synthase.
16. list the enzymes that are bound to the single-phosphorylated glycogen targeting
protein.
17. write with structures the reactions catalyzed by enoyl-ACP hydratase.
18. name a C5, C10, C15 and a C30 isoprenoid.
19. what can molar extinction coefficient be used for?
20. what kind of physical interaction between column and the sample molecules represent
the basis of separation in the case of reverse-phase high-pressure liquid
chromatography.
21. adding DTNB solution to a dialysed protein solution results in turning the color of the
solution to yellow. What is your conclusion?
22. what should we add to a glycine solution to get a buffer with high buffering capacity
at around pH 2.5?
23. what is the advantage of the enzymatic determination of blood glucose level over the
chemical methods?