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(7.2 – pgs. 204-205) ________ _________________– Regulates what enters and leaves the cell maintains __________________ inside the cell. Also protects and supports the cell Made of a ________ ____________: a double layered sheet of lipids (= fatty acids). Lipid: _____________________ = “water loving” attracted to water _____________________ = “water hating” stays away from water Lipid bi-layer, Cell membrane, Fig. 7-13, page 204 in book • When mixed with water (such as ___________________ inside the cell or plasma outside the cell), the hydrophobic tails cluster together ___________ from the cytoplasm, and the hydrophilic heads are __________________to the water in the cytoplasm-----this forms the lipid bi-layer. Cell Membrane: Cell Membrane = Selectively permeable membrane (shown below) ______________________________ (also known as Semi-permeable) = only some molecules can cross through the membrane and not others. Centrioles (pg. 199) Centrioles = are located near the nucleus and help __________________ __________ _______________. - In ________________ cells, but NOT in plant cells. Animal Cell (7.3 Cell Transport, pgs. 208-213) _________________ _______________: DOES NOT TAKE UP ENERGY FROM THE CELL = Energy NOT required Passive transport: _________________ of molecules across the cell membrane without using energy from the cell ____________________: movement of molecules from area of __________ _______________ to an area of _______ __________________ Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries ___________________: the amount of _____________ in a certain amount of solution ________________: dissolved particle in a solution (for example, if I mix sugar into water, sugar is the solute) Diffusion • When the concentration of the solute is the same throughout a system, the system has reached ___________________________. Equilibrium, Fig. 7-15, pg. 209 in book • Even after equilibrium is reached, _________________ will still happen in both directions in ___________ amounts (to maintain equilibrium) Facilitated Diffusion __________________________: certain molecules pass through the cell membrane through _____________________________ – From areas of high to low concentration – Requires _____ energy from the cell - (Channel proteins are specific to only let certain particles pass through them) Example/Question: How is spraying air freshener in a room a demonstration of diffusion? Active Transport ___________________________ – movement of molecules __________________ a concentration gradient (from _______________________ concentration) -REQUIRES ___________________ FROM THE CELL ______________________ (or Protein Pumps) – proteins in cell membranes that ____________ __________ to help _______________ (move) molecules across cell membranes Active Transport of Large Molecules ______________________ – Large molecules moving _______ the cell (such as food, nutrients, molecules to give the cell energy to keep it active and alive) - cell membrane 1___________ the molecules into a small 2_____________ which pinches off and forms a 3_________________ which carries the molecules through the cell Endocytosis, Fig. 7-19, pg. 212 Phagocytosis ________________________: the cytoplasm extends around something and ____________ it into the cell, or “_________” it. - (Ex: amoebas engulf food, white blood cells engulf damaged cells or bacteria) - Phagocytosis is a specific form of Endocytosis, both are forms of Active Transport Phagocytosis, Fig. 7-20, Pg. 213 Exocytosis _____________________ – the ________________ of endocytosis, releasing material _______________________, like wastes or proteins going to other parts of the body. -__________________ (holding waste or protein) fuses with cell membrane and then ________________ the material __________ of the cell. ENDOCYTOSIS, EXOCYTOSIS, & PHAGOCYTOSIS TAKE ENERGY FROM THE CELL TO COMPLETE. OVERALL: Endocytosis – sucking things into the cell. Exocytosis – pushing things out of the cell. Phagocytosis – “eating” other molecules or cells Water Movement: Osmosis Osmosis: ________________ of ______________ across a cell membrane from areas of higher to lower water concentration Osmosis, Fig. 7-17 Pg. 210 _______________________: special _____________ _____________ in the cell membrane that water molecules pass through ****(they need these channels because the hydrophilic tails on the inside of the lipid bi-layer repels water molecules, and they wouldn’t be able to get through the membrane without them.) Is osmosis a type of diffusion? (Look back at the definition of diffusion.) What type of diffusion is it? Why? _________________: ____________ concentration outside cell is ____________ than inside _________________: ____________ concentration outside the cell is _____________ than inside _________________: solute concentration inside and outside the cell is ________________ ________________ _______________: ___________ ____ the movement of ______________ into or out of a cell due to concentration gradients Also known as _______________ _______________: pressure on plant cell walls by water