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Transcript
Biology 12: The Heart Notes Name: The Heart Fist Sized Myocardium Pericardium 4 Chambers: 2 Atria and 2 Ventricles Auricles: ear-like flaps of the atria Septum: divides the heart into 2 External Anatomy: Coronary arteries (R & L) surround heart; embedded in SULCUS and also some fat. Biology 12: The Heart Notes Name: INTERNAL ANATOMY: VALVES: Atrioventricular Valves (AV) are between the atria and ventricles The right side AV is TRICUSPID The left side is BICUSPID = mitral valve Both are supported by chordae tendineae (stop flaps from inverting) Biology 12: The Heart Notes Name: ( note: these diagrams show the valves as seen from above) Left tricuspid Bicuspid aka MITRAL semilunar Atrioventricular Valves Right semilunar SEMILUNAR (3 half-moon shaped) valves control blood in arteries leaving the heart PULMONARY semilunar valve AORTIC semilunar valve Biology 12: The Heart Notes Name: Viewed from ABOVE ( superiorly) Biology 12: The Heart Notes Name: Biology 12: The Heart Notes Name: What makes the “sounds” in a heart-beat? Opening and closing of Valves at the start and end of SYSTOLE ( = contraction) of the heart. LUB = DUB = Biology 12: The Heart Notes Name: HEART RATE CONTROL 1. The PACEMAKER of the heart, or SINOATRIAL node. 2. Hormones secreted by the adrenal glands into the bloodstream 3. Two sets of nerves that originate from the CNS ( mostly for slowing the heart) 1. The PACEMAKER of the heart, or SINOATRIAL node. The heart CAN beat with NO direct stimulus from the nervous system due to the SA node. It can do this because it has a CONDUCTION SYSTEM : SA node, AV node, the AV bundle and the Purkinje fibres. 1. The SA node is located in the dorsal wall of the right atrium. The AV node is located at the base of the right atrium. 2. The SA node, or pacemaker, starts the cycle Biology 12: The Heart Notes Name: by sending a nerve impulse through the heart, to BOTH atria. 3. When the SA signal reaches the AV node, the AV node sends a signal down thorough the AV bundle. The AV bundle reaches through the septum, and then into small fibres called Purkinje fibres that relay the signal to heart muscle cells. The heart can beat on it’s own if not stimulated by the SA node, but it’s a bit slow. The AV Bundle is also called the Bundle of His. 2. Hormones secreted by the adrenal glands into the bloodstream Biology 12: The Heart Notes Name: Adrenaline = Epinephrine Biology 12: The Heart Notes Name: 3. Two sets of nerves that originate from the CNS ( mostly for slowing the heart) The heart is under AUTONOMIC control. Nerves coming the cardioacceleratior center ( CAC) in the MEDULLA connect to the SA node… these nerves release adrenaline (norepinephrine) that increase the heart rate. To slow the heart rate, neurons from the MEDULLA ‘s cardioinhibitory center (CIC) connect to the SA via the VAGUS nerve. These nerves release acetycholine and SLOW the heart rate. Nervous System Control PARASYMPATHETIC SYMPATHETIC for resting for action; fight or flight decreases AV / SA node activity increases AV / SA node activity VAGUS nerve sends neurotransmitters to SLOW the heart rate norepinephrine/noradrenaline speeds heart rate Biology 12: The Heart Notes Name: Questions: about the heart. Please answer on a separate sheet of paper. Short answers. 1. On the diagram shown here, label the following structures: superior vena cava inferior vena cava aortic arch right atrium left ventricle right ventricle aortic valve tricuspid (AV) valve pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins aorta left atrium pulmonary valve mitral (AV) valve septa 2. Myocardium is composed of two root words. What does MYO mean? What does CARDIUM refer to? 3. What is the sac called that surrounds the heart? 4. In the diagram of the heart at right, label the atria, ventricles, apex, coronary arteries, aortic arch, pulmonary arteries 5. The cardiac cycle consists of three main events. Describe them. Biology 12: The Heart Notes Name: 6. Atrioventricular valves are named so as they are situated_________________ 7. The bicuspid valve is on the _______ side of the heart, and is also known as the ___________________ 8. What is the role of the chordae tendineae ? 9. Name the valves that control blood LEAVING the heart, and tell the position of each. 10. Look at the pictures of heart valves in your handout. They are drawn from the perspective of being ABOVE the heart. Why do the AV valves look so different from the Aortic and pulmonary (semilunar) valves? 11. In which chamber of the heart is the highest pressure generated? 12. Why is the heart referred to as a “double-pump” ? 13. Which ventricle has the thickest walls? Why? 14. Describe the 3 major events that occur during the cardiac cycle. 15. Explain the difference between systole and diastole. 16. In the cardiac cycle, is there a time when the atria and ventricles are both in systole? is there a time when the atria and ventricles are both in diastole? 17. Where is the “pacemaker” of the heart? 18. Which structure sends a signal to the AV node? 19. The heart muscle is signaled to contract by way of the _______________ . 20. In which units is blood pressure measured? 21. What might be considered a “high” blood pressure? 22. When blood pressure is measured, it is expressed in (some pressure) OVER (some other pressure). Which number is diastolic pressure, the first or second? Biology 12: The Heart Notes Name: 23. In the diagram above, draw in the correct arterial blood pressures at the bottom of the graph. 24. The heart is under control of the ___________________ nervous system. 25. Generally speaking, the __________________ division of the autonomic nervous system tells the heart to relax, slow down, and take it easy, while the ____________________ division tells the heart to ____________________ . Also, adrenaline, produced by the ___________________ glands can tell the heart to ____________________ ; this is a response termed the “__________ or _________ “ response. 26. A human heart is about as big as a _____________ 27. During the cardiac cycle, the “lub” sounds is caused by..? The “dub” sound is caused by … ? 28. Both the right and left sides of the heart a. have semilunar valves between their chambers b. consist of an atrium and a ventricle c. pump blood to the lungs and the body d. communicate with each other e. all of these are correct 29. Systole refers to the contraction of the a. major arteries b. SA node c. Atria and ventricles d. major veins e. All of these are correct Biology 12: The Heart Notes Name: 30. During a heartbeat, a. the SA node initiates an impulses that passes to the AV node b. first the atria contract, and then the ventricles contract c. the heart pumps blood out into the attached arteries d. all the chambers rest for a while. e. all of the above are correct 31. The first heart sound, the “lub” of the “lub-dub” sound, is caused by a. the closing of the semilunar valves b. the closing of the atrioventricular valves c. the contraction of the ventricles d. the closing of all four valves at the same time e. a heart murmur 32. Blood leaving the right ventricle will move through pulmonary arteries, then to the lungs for gas exchange. Which blood vessel was omitted from the sentence? a. pulmonary trunk b. pulmonary vein c. aorta d. superior vena cava e. coronary arteries 33. The heart is controlled extrinsically by two influences. What are they? 34. After the ventricles have fully contracted, there is an immediate “dub” sound created by vibrations in the heart tissue. Which valves are closing to create this sound? 35. What is the function of the Bundle of His? 36. The SA node is known as the pacemaker because it sets the pace of the heart rate. But the AV node is also known as the gatekeeper of the pace of the ventricles. What would a properly functioning AV node do if there were too many stimulations signaled by the SA node? 36. The AV node also makes sure that there is a short delay between contraction of the atria and the ventricles. What would happen if there were not enough of a delay? 37. In WPW, or Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, there is an extra electrical pathway between the atria and the ventricles that does NOT act as a proper gatekeeper of pace like the AV node. What can happen to “Marilyn Manson” or “Meatloaf’s” heart function if they have WPW? Biology 12: The Heart Notes Name: QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Biology 12: The Heart Notes Name: