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Transcript
Other Risk Factors Topic 1.3 Specification 12. Describe the factors that increase the risk of CVD (genetic, diet, age, gender, high blood pressure, smoking and inactivity). 15. Discuss how people use scientific knowledge about the effects of diet (including obesity indicators), exercise and smoking to reduce their risk of coronary heart disease. 16. Describe how to investigate the vitamin C content of food and drink. 9. Describe how the effect of caffeine on heart rate in Daphnia can be investigated practically, and discuss whether there are ethical issues in the use of invertebrates. Risk Factors for CVD State some of the risk factors for CVD: Old age Gender – males more likely High blood pressure Obesity Blood cholesterol levels – High LDLs and low HDLs Smoking Inactivity Heredity – mutations and different alleles Lack of antioxidants in diet High salt diet Too much stress High alcohol intake Homework- Complete Risk Factors Table for the factors written in Risk Factors for CVD State some of the risk factors for CVD: Old age Gender – males more likely High blood pressure Obesity Blood cholesterol levels – High LDLs and low HDLs Smoking Inactivity Heredity – mutations and different alleles Lack of antioxidants in diet High salt diet Too much stress High alcohol intake Using book and following slides complete Risk Factors Table for Smoking Brainstorm harmful effects of smoking. Carbon monoxide forms a complex with haemoglobin in red blood cells to form carboxyhaemoglobin Reduced O2 supply causes an increased heart rate which increases your cardiac output and thus a higher blood pressure Nicotine causes adrenaline release: Higher heart rate and arteries constrict. Higher blood pressure Other chemicals found in smoke can damage blood vessel walls: atherosclerosis. It has also been shown that there is a negative correlation between smoking and HDL cholesterol levels Inactivity Major risk factor for CVD What is a recommended amount of exercise per week? 30 minutes, 5 times a week Why does exercise reduce risk? Lowers blood pressure Helps weight maintenance Raises HDL cholesterol Decreases risk of type II diabetes Increases chances of surviving a stroke or heart attack. Risk Factors for CVD State some of the risk factors for CVD: Old age Gender – males more likely High blood pressure Obesity Blood cholesterol levels – High LDLs and low HDLs Smoking Inactivity Heredity – mutations and different alleles Lack of antioxidants in diet High salt diet Too much stress High alcohol intake Complete Risk Factors Table for the factor written in red Complete Activity 1.19 Heredity Read page 45, Heredity and risk Brainstorm some terms used for inheritance: Gene Allele Genotype Phenotype Recessive Dominant Heterozygous Homozygous Gamete Haploid Diploid Mutation Match the terms to their definitions Heredity Definitions- matching excercise Gene The alleles present for a gene Allele A change in the sequence of DNA of a gene Recessive A section of DNA that codes for a protein /characteristic. Eg. Eye colour Dominant This type of allele will only determine a characteristic (be expressed) if there are no dominant ones present Genotype This term describes two identical alleles being present for a gene Phenotype A sex cell, eg. sperm or egg cell Heterozygous Homozygous Gamete Haploid Diploid Mutation This type of allele will always determine a characteristic (be expressed) The normal number of chromosomes present in the cell This term describes two different alleles being present for a gene The characteristc expressed by the alleles present for a gene Half the normal number of chromosomes present in the cell A different form of the same gene. Eg. For eye colour gene, brown, green, blue Heredity Complete using pages 45-46 Coronary heart disease genetic disorders Consequence on blood cholesterol Effect of mutation Name Single gene mutations Several gene mutations Heredity Complete using pages 45-46 Coronary heart disease genetic disorders Name Mutations in the LDLR gene cause LDL receptors (involved in removal of LDL from blood) to not form or to have a less efficient shape. Consequence on blood cholesterol Familial hypercholestrolaemia (FH) Effect of mutation Single gene mutations Therefore higher levels of LDL, more cholesterol (LDL) stays in blood Several gene mutations Apolipoprotein gene cluster Mutations in these genes affect the protein found in HDLs Therefore less functioning HDL and less cholesterol removed by liver (more stays in blood) Mutations in these genes affect the protein found in LDLs Therefore higher levels of LDL so more cholesterol (LDL) stays in blood Genetically inherited conditions Example: Sickle cell anemia, a recessive disease whereby affected offspring have abnormally shaped haemoglobin and are less efficient at carrying oxygen Parent genotype Aa Aa Parent phenotype Gametes Gametes There is a _________ chance of a child suffering from sickle cell anemia Heredity Compare the inheritance of a single gene disorder like sickle cell anaemia with inheritance of CVD. Diseases like CVD are multifactorial: genes may play a role (mutations in certain genes increase your risk of CVD), but in combination with other factors like: _________________________________________________ Risk Factors for CVD State some of the risk factors for CVD: Old age Gender – males more likely High blood pressure Obesity Blood cholesterol levels – High LDLs and low HDLs Smoking Inactivity Heredity – mutations and different alleles Lack of antioxidants in diet High salt diet Too much stress High alcohol intake Complete Risk Factors Table for the factor written in green Complete Activity 1.19 Antioxidants Read page 47 What are free radicals? When an atom in the molecule has an unpaired electron (desperate to find a partner) This desperation leads the atom to «steal» electrons from other molecules, damaging them. DNA (genes),enzymes, lipoproteins and platelets can be destroyed like this. What is the correlation between antioxidants and risk of CVD? Is there a causal connection? If so explain it. Lack of antioxidants increases risk Antioxidants provide an electron (in the form of a H atom which has one unpaired electron) to the unpaired electron High salt diet What causes someone to have a high salt diet? Eating too many procesed foods What health problems can it cause? The kidneys retain water and therefore more water is in the blood, resulting in higher blood pressure and increased risks of athrosclerosis Too much stress Why might too much stress lead to a higher risk of coronoary heart disease? When adrenaline released – arteries and arterioles to constrict, increased heart rate – higher blood pressure Overeating, poor diet (high in salt, saturated fats) Higher alcohol consumption – raises blood pressure High alcohol consumption Heavy drinkers are at a far greater risk of heart disease, why? Higher blood pressure Contributes to obesity Can cause irregular heartbeat Tissue damage to liver, brain and heart Liver damage: Less cholesterol removed from blood Some of the alcohol broken down in the liver is turned into VLDLs increasing risk of atherosclerosis Moderate drinking can increase HDLs and wine contains antioxidants Complete Activity 1.24