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Sentence (linguistics) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to:navigation, search In the field of linguistics, a sentence is an expression in natural language, often defined to indicate a grammatical and lexical unit consisting of one or more words that represent distinct concepts. A sentence can include words grouped meaningfully to express a statement, question, exclamation, request or command.[1] As with all language expressions, sentences contain both semantic and logical elements (words, parts of speech), and also include action symbols that indicate sentence starts, stops, pauses, etc. In addition, sentences also contain properties distinct to natural language, such as characteristic intonation and timing patterns. Sentences are generally characterized in most languages by the presence of a finite verb, e.g. "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog". Contents [hide] 1 Components of a sentence o 1.1 Clauses o 1.2 Complete sentences 2 Classification o 2.1 By structure o 2.2 By purpose o 2.3 Major and minor sentences 3 See also 4 References 5 External links [edit] Components of a sentence [edit] Clauses A clause consists of a subject and a predicate. The subject is typically a noun phrase, though other kinds of phrases (such as gerund phrases) work as well, and some languages allow subjects to be omitted. The predicate is a finite verb phrase: a finite verb together with zero or more objects, zero or more complements, and zero or more adverbials. There are two types of clauses: independent and subordinate (dependent). An independent clause demonstrates a complete thought; it is a complete sentence: for example, "I am sad." A subordinate clause is not a complete sentence: for example, "because I had to move." See also copula for the consequences of the verb to be on the theory of sentence structure. [edit] Complete sentences A simple complete sentence consists of a single clause (subject and predicate). Other complete sentences consist of two or more clauses (see below). [edit] Classification [edit] By structure One traditional scheme for classifying English sentences is by the number and types of finite clauses: A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause with no dependent clauses. A compound sentence consists of multiple independent clauses with no dependent clauses. These clauses are joined together using conjunctions, punctuation, or both. A complex sentence consists of at least one independent clause and one dependent clause. A complex-compound sentence (or compound-complex sentence) consists of multiple independent clauses, at least one of which has at least one dependent clause. [edit] By purpose Sentences can also be classified based on their purpose: A declarative sentence or declaration, the most common type, commonly makes a statement: I am going home. An interrogative sentence or question is commonly used to request information — When are you going to work? — but sometimes not; see rhetorical question. An exclamatory sentence or exclamation is generally a more emphatic form of statement expressing emotion: What a wonderful day this is! An imperative sentence or command tells someone to do something: Go to work at 7:30 tomorrow morning. [edit] Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a subject and a predicate. For example: I have a ball. In this sentence one can change the persons: We have a ball. However, a minor sentence is an irregular type of sentence. It does not contain a finite verb. For example, "Mary!" "Yes." "Coffee." etc. Other examples of minor sentences are headings (e.g. the heading of this entry), stereotyped expressions (Hello!), emotional expressions (Wow!), proverbs, etc. This can also include nominal sentences like The more, the merrier. These do not contain verbs in order to intensify the meaning around the nouns and are normally found in poetry and catchphrases.[2] Sentences that comprise a single word are called word sentences, and the words themselves sentence words.[3] [edit] See also Affirmation Assertion Clause Grammatical polarity Inflectional phrase Periodic sentence Phrase Sentence arrangement Sentence function Statement T-unit [edit] References 1. ^ "'Sentence' - Definitions from Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sentence. Retrieved 2008-05-23. 2. ^ Exploring Language: Sentences 3. ^ Jan Noordegraaf (2001). "J. M. Hoogvliet as a teacher and theoretician". in Marcel Bax, C. Jan-Wouter Zwart, and A. J. van Essen. Reflections on Language and Language Learning. John Benjamins B.V.. pp. 24. ISBN 9027225842. [edit] External links Basic Sentence Structures Sentence Variety: Sentence Types The Sentence: A Group of Words Expressing a Meaning [hide] v•d•e Philosophy of language Related articles: Analytic philosophy • Language • Philosophy of information • Philosophical logic • Linguistics • Pragmatics • Rhetoric • Semantics • Formal semantics • General semantics • Semiotics Ambiguity • Linguistic relativity • Meaning • Language • Truthbearer • Proposition • Use–mention distinction • Concept • Categories • Set • Class • Intension • Logical Concepts in language form • Metalanguage • Mental representation • Principle of compositionality • Property • Sign • Sense and reference • Speech act • Symbol • Entity • Sentence • Statement • more... Causal theory of reference • Contrast theory of meaning • Contrastivism • Conventionalism • Cratylism • Deconstruction • Descriptivist theory of names • Direct reference theory • Dramatism • Expressivism • Linguistic determinism • Logical atomism • Logical positivism • Theories of language Mediated reference theory • Nominalism • Noncognitivism • Phallogocentrism • Quietism • Relevance theory • Semantic externalism • Semantic holism • Structuralism • Supposition theory • Symbiosism • Theological noncognitivism • Theory of descriptions • Verification theory Plato (Cratylus) • Confucius • Xun Zi • Aristotle • Stoics • Pyrrhonists • Scholasticism • Thomas Hobbes • Gottfried Leibniz • Johann Herder • Wilhelm von Humboldt • Fritz Mauthner • Paul Ricoeur • Ferdinand de Saussure • Gottlob Frege • Franz Boas • Paul Tillich • Edward Sapir • Leonard Bloomfield • Zhuangzi • Henri Bergson • Ludwig Philosophers of language Wittgenstein (Philosophical Investigations • Tractatus LogicoPhilosophicus) • Bertrand Russell • Rudolf Carnap • Jacques Derrida (Of Grammatology • Limited Inc) • Benjamin Lee Whorf • Gustav Bergmann • J. L. Austin • Noam Chomsky • Hans-Georg Gadamer • Saul Kripke • Alfred Jules Ayer • Donald Davidson • Paul Grice • Gilbert Ryle • P. F. Strawson Portal · Category · Task Force · Discussion · Changes Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" Categories: Syntactic entities | Semantic units | Statements