Download Clauses and Sentence Types Powerpoint

Parts of Speech Connection
 Along with a capital letter and a period, a
complete sentence needs:
– A subject
– A predicate (the action)
 What part of speech does EVERY sentence
need?
 True or false: every sentence needs either a
noun OR a pronoun.
What are Clauses?
 Clauses are a group of words that contain a
subject and a predicate (an action)
 The two types of clauses we will focus on
are…
– Independent Clauses
– Dependent Clauses
 Independent clauses can be complete
sentences; dependent clauses cannot.
Simple, Compound, Complex
and Compound-Complex
Sentences in Your Writing
Once a writer knows the
difference between the three
sentence types (simple,
compound, and complex), it is
possible to write with sentence
variety. Sentence variety helps
make your writing more
interesting.
What are Simple Sentences?
 A simple sentence contains a subject and a
predicate.
 Usually there is only one subject and
predicate, but there can be more.
 It expresses a single complete thought.
 A simple sentence is a single independent
clause (it cannot be split into smaller
complete sentences).
Sample Simple Sentences
 The cat and the mouse played a game.
 The cat crept through the dark house.
 The wary mouse watched from underneath
an upturned cereal box.
 The predatory cat stopped and surveyed his
surroundings.
 The mouse darted for the safety of the
nearly invisible hole under the cabinet.
 NOTE: A simple sentence is NOT defined
by its length!!!
What are Compound Sentences?
 A compound sentence contains two
independent clauses (the sentence can be
split up into two smaller complete
sentences).
 Coordinating Conjunctions (for, and, nor,
but, or, and yet, so) join these independent
clauses. (The FANBOYS.)
 The conjunction used can impact the
meaning of the sentence.
Sample Compound Sentences
 The cat was unsuccessful in his attempt to
catch the mouse, and the mouse was
equally as unlucky in his attempt to get the
cheese.
 The dog had watched all of this, but he had
refused to become involved.
 The mouse could wait until dark, or he
could risk a daylight raid on the pantry.
 The cat usually slept during the day, yet
curiosity held him at the corner of the
kitchen.
What are Complex Sentences?
 A complex sentence is an independent
clause joined by one or more dependent
clauses.
 A subordinating conjunction
(AAAWWUBBIS) begins the dependent
clauses.
 A dependent clause that BEGINS a
sentence MUST be followed by comma.
 A dependent clause has a subject and a
verb, but it does not make sense on its own.
Subordinating Conjunctions
After
Although
As
in order that
At least
now that
wherever
While
Before
even though
how
if
in as much
When
Whenever
whereas
as though
because
even if
though
Until
Unless
as if
as long as
as much as
soon
Since
so that
That
Sample Complex Sentences
 After he gave it some thought, the mouse
decided to wait until later for his trek.
 The cat fell asleep on the warm kitchen
because he was deprived of sleep the night
before.
 When the mouse heard the soft snoring of
his sleeping nemesis, he scurried to the
pantry and grabbed enough food for a week.
 The dedicated, feline sleuth keeps his
nightly vigil even though the foresighted
mouse will not be venturing out this week.
What are Compound-Complex
Sentences?
 A compound-complex sentence is a
sentence that has at least two independent
clauses and at least one dependent clause.
 The same subordinating conjunctions are
used to introduce the dependent clauses.
 The same coordinating conjunctions
(FANBOYS) are used for joining the
independent clauses.
Sample Compound-Complex
Sentences.
 After the two adversaries had spent years playing
this “cat and mouse” game, they were joined by
their children, and the fun continued.
 Even though it seems the two were bent on the
other’s destruction, the cat and mouse were rather
fond of one another, and neither wanted the
other’s defeat.
 This game was begun thousands of years ago, and
it will continue far into the future as other cats and
mice revel in hide-and-seek.
Test Yourself – Simple, Compound,
or Complex?
1. The teacher walked into the classroom, greeted the students, and took
attendance.
2. Juan played football while Jane went shopping.
3. Juan played football, yet Jim went shopping.
4. Although Mexico has a better team, they lost the tournament.
5. The island was filled with many trails winding through the thick
underbrush, a small lake, and dangerous wild animals.
6. Naoki passed the test, but Stacy did not understand the material.
What is a run-on sentence?
 A run-on sentence is a sentence which has
two or more independent clauses, but the
clauses are not connected with a comma and
a coordinating conjunction.
 A comma-splice is a run-on sentence that
has a comma but no coordinating
conjunction.
 Run-on example: Jesus wept he was sad.
 Comma Splice example: Jesus wept, he was
sad.
Fixing Run-ons and Comma
Splices
 A handy-dandy flowchart for you!
 Let’s try it out:
– I wish I could travel to Italy, my friend Carmen
got to travel there last year.
– Carmen loved traveling in Italy she thought
Rome was too hot.
– She stayed two weeks, I picked her up from the
airport.
What are fragments?
 Fragments are sentences that are
incomplete.
 Fragments are caused by:
– Not having a subject. (Having left the house)
– Not having a predicate. (The boy in the blue
hat)
– Having a dependent clause without an
independent clause. (After I arrived at school)
 To fix a fragment, add a subject, a
predicate, or an independent clause.
“To Be”…or not “To Be”
For this project, you will
NOT be able to use the verb
“to be” in your paper!
No:
•Am
•Are
•Is
•Was
•Were
•Be
•Being
•Been
How to eliminate “to be” verbs
 1. Replace the verb with a stronger, more
specific verb.
 The restaurant’s food is excellent. (BOO!)
 The restaurant serves excellent food.
(YAY!)
How to eliminate “to be” verbs
 2. Change one or more of the nouns in the
sentence into a verb.
 Jennifer Lawrence is the star of The Hunger
Games. (BOO!)
 Jennifer Lawrence stars in The Hunger
Games. (YAY!)
How to eliminate “to be” verbs
 3. Replace a to be verb and an –ing word
with a simple action verb.
 The book was interesting until the end.
(BOO!)
 The book interested me until the end.
(YAY!)
Let’s Try It!
 The TV show Spongebob Squarepants is set
in Bikini Bottom.
 Spongebob is the cook at the Krusty Krab.
 Sandy’s tail was bitten off by an
ALASKAN BULL WORM!!!
 Patrick is a good friend.