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Review Greeks and Hellenism A. Due to this feature, farming was difficult in ancient Greece and independent citystates developed. This feature also encouraged the ancient Greeks to take to the seas to supplement their livelihoods. B. It developed in ancient Athens. All men born in Athens could vote. Women, slaves and foreigners could not vote. Citizens voted on all issues from taxation to war. C. It was a militaristic city-state. Boys as young as seven were trained in the military arts. Wives expected their husbands to come back as victors or dead on their shields. Helots or slaves farmed. D. Due to these features, the ancient Greeks were fishermen and seafarers. They travelled throughout the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas. They settled in far off lands. E. This feature in architecture was a Greek original. The ancient Greeks were the first to incorporate it into their buildings. The Parthenon, the Athenian temple to Athena, was an example of this magnificent feature. F. In this war (actually wars), the ancient Greeks were attacked by a powerful empire. The empire attacked because the Greeks had supported their fellow Greeks (Ionian Greeks) who had rebelled against this empire. G. After winning the wars against the powerful empire, the Greeks formed an alliance. This alliance was led by Athens but Athens used money from the alliance to beautify Athens. H. This war was fought between the Greek city-states. Athens led one alliance and Sparta another alliance. Sparta won. I. This Greek philosopher encouraged individuals to know themselves and ask questions about why they valued what they valued. J. The ancient Greeks believed that ideas should be based on facts and observation not emotions. This belief is called this. World History/Napp Peninsula and Islands ___________ Delian League Columns ___________ Persian ___________ Peloponnesian ___________ Rugged Terrain/Mountainous Topography ____________ Socrates Direct Democracy ____________ Rationalism Sparta ____________ 1. Which geographic feature served as a 6. Which statement most likely represents barrier to political unity and encouraged the the view of a citizen of ancient Athens rise of independent city-states in ancient visiting Sparta? Greece? 1. “The government and society in 1. broad plains Sparta are so strict. The people have 2. mountain ranges little voice in government.” 3. navigable rivers 2. “I feel as though I have never left 4. numerous ports home. Everything here is the same as it is in Athens.” 2. The creation of independent city-states in 3. “This society allows for more ancient Greece can be most directly freedom of expression than I have attributed to the ever experienced in Athens.” 1. diverse ethnic groups in the region 4. “I have never heard of a society like 2. large number of different languages Sparta that believes in only one 3. rugged mountainous terrain God.” 4. practice of oligarchy 7. Olympic games, the poems of Homer, and 3. What was one of the most important Hellenistic culture are associated with which contributions of the Greek city-state of ancient civilization? Athens? 1. Egyptian 3. Roman 1. development of direct democracy 2. Greek 4. Phoenician 2. diffusion of a monotheistic belief system 8. In a comparison of the ancient cities of 3. promotion of the equality of all Athens and Sparta, Sparta placed more humans emphasis on 4. creation of a writing system using 1. Education 3. Family order hieroglyphics 2. Military service 4. Human rights 4. Which description accurately identifies Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle? 1. rulers of the Roman Republic 2. artists of the Italian Renaissance 3. religious leaders of the Protestant Reformation 4. philosophers of ancient Greece 5. What was one effect of Alexander the Great’s conquests? 1. expansion of Hellenistic culture 2. formation of the Christian church 3. decreased importance of the Silk Roads 4. increased support of the Mayan leaders 9. Which was a major characteristic of democracy in ancient Athens? 1. All adult male citizens were eligible to vote. 2. All residents were given voting rights. 3. Women were allowed to vote in major elections. 4. Slaves were permitted to vote in major elections. 10. Athenians believed that ideas should be based on facts and observation or 1. Animism 2. Rationalism 3. Cultural diffusion 4. Ethnocentrism Excerpt from the Iliad: By Homer Translated by Robert Fagles Background: Homer has long been recognized as one of the world’s greatest poets. It is likely that Homer heard singer-poets narrate tales about the Trojan War, a ten-year war waged by Greeks against the wealthy city of Troy, or Ilium, in Asia Minor. In the late 19th century, archaeologists discovered the ruins of ancient Troy. Most scholars now believe that Greek armies probably did attack Troy sometime in the 1200s B.C. Many scholars think that the Iliad was created in the 700s B.C. The Greek warrior Achilles enters the battle when his best friend, Patroclus, has been killed by the Trojan hero Hector. Achilles kills every Trojan in his path until he finally meets Hector in single combat outside the city walls. Primary Source: Athena luring him [Hector] on with all her immortal cunning – and now, at last, as the two came closing for the kill it was tall Hector, helmet flashing, who led off: “No more running from you in fear, Achilles! Not as before. Three times I fled around the great city of Priam – I lacked courage then to stand your onslaught. Now my spirit stirs me to meet you face-to-face. Now kill or be killed! Come, we’ll swear to the gods, the highest witnesses – the gods will oversee our binding pacts. I swear I will never mutilate you – merciless as you are – if Zeus allows me to last it out and tear your life away. But once I’ve stripped your glorious armor, Achilles, I will give your body back to your loyal comrades. Swear you’ll do the same. A swift dark glance and the headstrong runner answered, “Hector, stop! You unforgivable, you…don’t talk to me of pacts. There are no binding oaths between men and lions – wolves and lambs can enjoy no meeting of the minds – they are all bent on hating each other to the death. So with you and me. No love between us. No truce till one or the other falls and gluts with blood Ares who hacks at men behind his rawhide shield. Come, call up whatever courage you can muster. Life or death – now prove yourself a spearman, a daring man of war! No more escape for you – Athena will kill you with my spear in just a moment. Now you’ll pay at a stroke for all my comrades’ grief, all you killed in the fury of your spear! Notes: Athena: the goddess of wisdom and warfare; protects the Greeks Zeus: the king of the gods, father of Athena Ares: the god of war Questions: 1. What pact does Hector wish to make with Achilles before they fight? 2. Why does Achilles reject the pact? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Essay Practice: Theme: Individuals Throughout history, various individuals have often affected their societies. Individuals may have contributed new ideas or emphasized particular ways that changed the ways in which people lived. Task: Select Alexander the Great and • Explain an action, belief or practice taken or accepted by this individual and shared with his/her society • Discuss how this individual’s idea, belief or practice affected a society ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________