Download EOC Review #3 Taxonomy To make studying of living organisms

EOC Review #3
Taxonomy
1. To make studying of living organisms easier this dude named _Linneaus_ developed a
classification system called _TAXONOMY_.
2. List the taxonomic rankings/classification levels in order from most broad (includes the most
species) to most specific (just that one species) below. Write your “catch phrase to remember
the order on the side margin of this page.
Naming Organisms
3. The “two name naming system” developed by Linnaeus is called __Taxonomy___.
4. The scientific name of a human is Homo sapien. What two taxonomic levels make up this
scientific name? GENUS AND SPECIES
5. If two organisms are in the same Family, list all of the other taxa they would have in common.
ORDER, CLASS, PHYLUM, KINGDOM AND DOMAIN (EVERYTHING ABOVE IT)
Classification Level
Catch Phrase to remember
Kingdom
King
Phylum
Philip
Class
Came
Order
Over
Family
For
Genus
Good
Species
Spaghetti
6. In other words, the more taxa in common the (more or least) closely related they are. MORE
7. A dog and a frog cannot produce fertile offspring together. Thus, they are not the same
_SPECIES_
Kingdoms
8. Study the Kingdom chart on your review packet.
9. Which Kingdoms were formerly grouped into one kingdom called Monera? ARCHAEBACTERIA
AND EUBACTERIA.
10. ARCHAEBACTERIA AND EUBACTERIA kingdoms are unicellular and do NOT have nuclei major
decomposers at every trophic level.
11. _PROTISTA_ kingdom can be both unicellular and Multicellular, both autotrophic or
heterotrophic, etc.
12. _FUNGI_ kingdom- most are Multicellular but yeast are unicellular, reproduce by sporulation
but yeast by budding, etc.
13. _ANIMALIA_ kingdom- contain nuclei, heterotrophic only, Multicellular only and can reproduce
sexually and some asexually, can act as decomposers, no cell walls
14. _PLANTAE_ kingdom- contain nuclei, autotrophic, cell wall, contain mitochondria and
chloroplasts
Viruses- Agents of Disease
15. Viruses cannot grow, respond to their environment, reproduce, or metabolize nutrients without
a host cell. Due to this, they are considered (Living or Nonliving). NON-LIVING
16. What type/types of Nucleic Acid do Viruses contain? _DNA and RNA_ They contain this in a
_CAPSID_ made of protein.
17. Virsuses infect a host cell by injecting their __DNA OR RNA INTO A CELL_.
18. There are Lytic viruses and Lysogenic viruses. Which type infect a cell and lay dormant for a
while until it eventually bursts/lyses releasing newly assembled virus? __LYSOGENIC _(THE
LONGER WORD STAYS IN YOUR BODY FOR A “LONGER” TIME)
19. Explain why a doctor would not prescribe Antibiotics to a person with the cold or flu?
ANTIBIOTIC MEANS “AGAINST LIFE” AND VIRUSES ARE NOT LIVING SO ANTIBIOTICS WOULD
NOT WORK AGAIST THEM.
20. An injection given to humans made of killed or weakened viruses are _VACCINES__. These work
by helping the organism make _ANTIBODIES_against that pathogen like a _VIRUSES_.
Sexual Reproduction in Plants
21. Plants have a life cycle that alternates between _DIPLOID__ and _HAPLOID_.
22. The process of when egg and sperm unite for both plants and animals is called _FERTILIZATION_
23. After Fertilization a _ZYGOTE_ is formed, and after tons of mitosis it is an embryo.
Evolution and Natural Selection
24. Change in characteristics of an organism due to Natural Selection is called _EVOLUTION_.
25. In _DIVERGENT_ evolution related organisms become more distant and distinct . Like Darwin’s
Finches. Adaptive Radiation is a type of this kind of evolution.
26. In _CONVERGENT_ evolution distantly related or unrelated organisms develop similar
characteristics due to similar environmental pressures/abiotic limiting factors. Like the shark (a
fish), penguin (a bird), and dolphin (a mammal) all have similar body plans but are only very
distantly related (According to the Theory of Evolution).
27. Why was Lamarck’s theories not accepted?
LACK OF EVIDENCE
28. _DARWIN_ sailed the HMS Beagle and visited the _GALAPAGOS_ islands and wrote the book
called “ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES”
29. We base modern evolutionary theory on his work which consists of the following concepts
a. _NATURAL SELECTION_- organisms best suited to environment will survive
b. All organisms compete for _SIMILAR RESOURCES
c. Organisms produce more _OFFSPRING_ than can survive
d. _VARIATIONS_ exist within species
Rate of Evolution
30. _PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM_ states organisms evolve in rapid burst of change in-between
long stretches of no change.
31. _GRADUALISM_states organisms evolve gradually, and continually as a result of small adaptive
changes.
Evidence of Evolution
32. Fossil records show that organisms get increasingly _COMPLEX_ over time.
33. Scientists can determine the age of fossils by performing _RELATIVE_ dating and
_RADIOMETRIC_ dating.
34. The Geologic Time Scale is a record of Earth’s history based on _FOSSILS_.
Evidence from Living Organisms
Anatomy
35. Do similar functions reflect similar structures? __NO___ ex. Birds wings and butterfly wings
36. _HOMOLOGOUS_ structures= thought to have a common ancestor because of same basic
internal structure. Ex. Human arm, bird wing, whale fin, bat wing.
37. _VESTIGIAL_ structures= structure with no apparent function or is reduced in function. Ex. Eyes
of a blind mole rate, human appendix, hip bones in a snake
38. _ANALOGOUS_ structures= structures have the same function, but different internal structure.
Ex. Bird wings and butterfly wings
Embryology
39. Embryology is the study of _EARLY GROWTH_ stages and development of _EMBRYOS_
40. This suggests similar _GENES_ at work, thus similar DNA sequences
Biochemistry
41. The study of _MOLECULES_ that make up an organism is called _BIOCHEMISTRY_.
42. The more similar that DNA or RNA is of two different organisms the more closely _RELATED_
they are.
43. A population is a group of organisms of the same species that live in an area and interbreed. All
the genes of that population ARE called the _GENE POOL_.
44. Evolution can only occur if there is a change in _THE KINDS OR % OF GENES IN THE GENE POOL
OF A POPULATION_.
45. If a population is in genetic equilibrium it is NOT _EVOLVING_.
Types of Selection
46. Natural selection states that only the organisms well adapted to the environment will
__SURVIVE __ and _REPRODUCE_ “Survival of the _FITTEST_”
47. Mutations may be _LETHAL____, _BENEFICIAL_ or neutral.
48. Mutations add new _GENES_ to the gene pool.
49. The movement of organisms in or out of a population is called __MIGRATION_ and can change
the gene pool and cause evolution.
50. Genetic drift can alter the allelic frequency of a population by _CHANCE_ events.
51. What are two examples of chance events that can cause Genetic drift?
NATURAL DISASTER or PRODUCING MORE OFFSPRING THAN OTHERS
52. Isolation can be geographic isolation or _REPRODUCTIVE___ isolation.
Ecology
53. Ecology is the study of organisms and their non-living (abiotic) _OOPPS! NO ANSWER_.
54. What is the difference between a population, community, and an ecosystem?
Nutrition
55. An autotroph is also called a _PRODUCER___ because it produces food by converting sunlight,
water and carbon dioxide into _GLUCOSE__ or food.
56. _PLANTS_ and _ALGAE_ are autotrophs
57. Autotrophs that do NOT need the sun to make their own food are called _CHEMOTROPHS__
58. _BACTERIA_ and _DEEP SEA WORMS_ are examples of chemotrophs
59. Organisms that do not make their own food are called _HETEROTROPHS_ or consumers.
a. Feed on plants only _HERBIVORE_
b. Feed on the tissue of dead organisms _SCAVENGERS_
c. Feed on meat only _CARNIVORE_
d. Feed on both plants and animals _OMNIVORE_
e. Absorb any dead material and break it down into simple nutrients _DECOMPOSERS_
Transfer of Energy
60. No organism EVER receives 100% of the energy from the organism they just ate much of the
energy is lost as _HEAT_ to the environment.
61. What percentage of energy is passed to the next trophic level? (10%, 50%, 75%)
Trophic levels
62. _ENERGY_ moves from one organism to another when it is eaten and each step is known as a
_TROPHIC__ level.
63. Explain the difference between a food chain and a food web below.
FOOD CHAIN= ONE POSSIBLE ENERGY PATHWAY
FOOD WEB= ALL POSSIBLE ENERGY PATHWAYS
64. Biomass is just another term for the potential _ENERGY_ to be eaten and used.
65. Ecological pyramids show the relationship between _CONSUMERS_ and Producers and which
level has the most _ENERGY_ and most _NUMBER_ of organisms.
Population Ecology
66. List the 7 examples of limiting factors that can limit a populations size below.
PREDATION, PARASITISM, COMPETITION, POLLUTION, AVAILABILITY OF WATER, DISEASE,
CLIMATE
67. Climate is a density _INDEPENDENT_ limiting factor, and competition is a density _DEPENDENT_
limiting factor.
68. Populations grow (exponentially or linearly).
69. If a populations shows an S shaped growth curve you know it has reached its _CARRYING
CAPACITY_
70. When the predator population goes up the prey population goes _DOWN_ .
Population Interactions
71. List the three types of symbiosis and what they mean below. (One is missing on your hand out,
add it)
MUTUALISM= BOTH BENEFIT
PARASITISM- ONE BENEFITS THE OTHER IS HARMED
COMMENSALISM- ONE BENEFITS AND THE OTHER IS NEITHER HARMED NOR BENEFITTED.
Succession
There are two types of Succession Primary and Secondary Succession. (Hand out is wrong!!!!!!! Don’t
use it for this part)
72. _SECONDARY_ succession- when a population is trying to reestablish itself to its climax
community after a natural disaster or a “big” change
73. _PRIMARY_ succession- when a new area is being colonized for the first time first by a pioneer
species (lichens and moss) to help produce soil and then gradually to a climax community.