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EOC Review #3 Taxonomy 1. To make studying of living organisms easier this dude named _Linneaus_ developed a classification system called _TAXONOMY_. 2. List the taxonomic rankings/classification levels in order from most broad (includes the most species) to most specific (just that one species) below. Write your “catch phrase to remember the order on the side margin of this page. Naming Organisms 3. The “two name naming system” developed by Linnaeus is called __Taxonomy___. 4. The scientific name of a human is Homo sapien. What two taxonomic levels make up this scientific name? GENUS AND SPECIES 5. If two organisms are in the same Family, list all of the other taxa they would have in common. ORDER, CLASS, PHYLUM, KINGDOM AND DOMAIN (EVERYTHING ABOVE IT) Classification Level Catch Phrase to remember Kingdom King Phylum Philip Class Came Order Over Family For Genus Good Species Spaghetti 6. In other words, the more taxa in common the (more or least) closely related they are. MORE 7. A dog and a frog cannot produce fertile offspring together. Thus, they are not the same _SPECIES_ Kingdoms 8. Study the Kingdom chart on your review packet. 9. Which Kingdoms were formerly grouped into one kingdom called Monera? ARCHAEBACTERIA AND EUBACTERIA. 10. ARCHAEBACTERIA AND EUBACTERIA kingdoms are unicellular and do NOT have nuclei major decomposers at every trophic level. 11. _PROTISTA_ kingdom can be both unicellular and Multicellular, both autotrophic or heterotrophic, etc. 12. _FUNGI_ kingdom- most are Multicellular but yeast are unicellular, reproduce by sporulation but yeast by budding, etc. 13. _ANIMALIA_ kingdom- contain nuclei, heterotrophic only, Multicellular only and can reproduce sexually and some asexually, can act as decomposers, no cell walls 14. _PLANTAE_ kingdom- contain nuclei, autotrophic, cell wall, contain mitochondria and chloroplasts Viruses- Agents of Disease 15. Viruses cannot grow, respond to their environment, reproduce, or metabolize nutrients without a host cell. Due to this, they are considered (Living or Nonliving). NON-LIVING 16. What type/types of Nucleic Acid do Viruses contain? _DNA and RNA_ They contain this in a _CAPSID_ made of protein. 17. Virsuses infect a host cell by injecting their __DNA OR RNA INTO A CELL_. 18. There are Lytic viruses and Lysogenic viruses. Which type infect a cell and lay dormant for a while until it eventually bursts/lyses releasing newly assembled virus? __LYSOGENIC _(THE LONGER WORD STAYS IN YOUR BODY FOR A “LONGER” TIME) 19. Explain why a doctor would not prescribe Antibiotics to a person with the cold or flu? ANTIBIOTIC MEANS “AGAINST LIFE” AND VIRUSES ARE NOT LIVING SO ANTIBIOTICS WOULD NOT WORK AGAIST THEM. 20. An injection given to humans made of killed or weakened viruses are _VACCINES__. These work by helping the organism make _ANTIBODIES_against that pathogen like a _VIRUSES_. Sexual Reproduction in Plants 21. Plants have a life cycle that alternates between _DIPLOID__ and _HAPLOID_. 22. The process of when egg and sperm unite for both plants and animals is called _FERTILIZATION_ 23. After Fertilization a _ZYGOTE_ is formed, and after tons of mitosis it is an embryo. Evolution and Natural Selection 24. Change in characteristics of an organism due to Natural Selection is called _EVOLUTION_. 25. In _DIVERGENT_ evolution related organisms become more distant and distinct . Like Darwin’s Finches. Adaptive Radiation is a type of this kind of evolution. 26. In _CONVERGENT_ evolution distantly related or unrelated organisms develop similar characteristics due to similar environmental pressures/abiotic limiting factors. Like the shark (a fish), penguin (a bird), and dolphin (a mammal) all have similar body plans but are only very distantly related (According to the Theory of Evolution). 27. Why was Lamarck’s theories not accepted? LACK OF EVIDENCE 28. _DARWIN_ sailed the HMS Beagle and visited the _GALAPAGOS_ islands and wrote the book called “ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES” 29. We base modern evolutionary theory on his work which consists of the following concepts a. _NATURAL SELECTION_- organisms best suited to environment will survive b. All organisms compete for _SIMILAR RESOURCES c. Organisms produce more _OFFSPRING_ than can survive d. _VARIATIONS_ exist within species Rate of Evolution 30. _PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM_ states organisms evolve in rapid burst of change in-between long stretches of no change. 31. _GRADUALISM_states organisms evolve gradually, and continually as a result of small adaptive changes. Evidence of Evolution 32. Fossil records show that organisms get increasingly _COMPLEX_ over time. 33. Scientists can determine the age of fossils by performing _RELATIVE_ dating and _RADIOMETRIC_ dating. 34. The Geologic Time Scale is a record of Earth’s history based on _FOSSILS_. Evidence from Living Organisms Anatomy 35. Do similar functions reflect similar structures? __NO___ ex. Birds wings and butterfly wings 36. _HOMOLOGOUS_ structures= thought to have a common ancestor because of same basic internal structure. Ex. Human arm, bird wing, whale fin, bat wing. 37. _VESTIGIAL_ structures= structure with no apparent function or is reduced in function. Ex. Eyes of a blind mole rate, human appendix, hip bones in a snake 38. _ANALOGOUS_ structures= structures have the same function, but different internal structure. Ex. Bird wings and butterfly wings Embryology 39. Embryology is the study of _EARLY GROWTH_ stages and development of _EMBRYOS_ 40. This suggests similar _GENES_ at work, thus similar DNA sequences Biochemistry 41. The study of _MOLECULES_ that make up an organism is called _BIOCHEMISTRY_. 42. The more similar that DNA or RNA is of two different organisms the more closely _RELATED_ they are. 43. A population is a group of organisms of the same species that live in an area and interbreed. All the genes of that population ARE called the _GENE POOL_. 44. Evolution can only occur if there is a change in _THE KINDS OR % OF GENES IN THE GENE POOL OF A POPULATION_. 45. If a population is in genetic equilibrium it is NOT _EVOLVING_. Types of Selection 46. Natural selection states that only the organisms well adapted to the environment will __SURVIVE __ and _REPRODUCE_ “Survival of the _FITTEST_” 47. Mutations may be _LETHAL____, _BENEFICIAL_ or neutral. 48. Mutations add new _GENES_ to the gene pool. 49. The movement of organisms in or out of a population is called __MIGRATION_ and can change the gene pool and cause evolution. 50. Genetic drift can alter the allelic frequency of a population by _CHANCE_ events. 51. What are two examples of chance events that can cause Genetic drift? NATURAL DISASTER or PRODUCING MORE OFFSPRING THAN OTHERS 52. Isolation can be geographic isolation or _REPRODUCTIVE___ isolation. Ecology 53. Ecology is the study of organisms and their non-living (abiotic) _OOPPS! NO ANSWER_. 54. What is the difference between a population, community, and an ecosystem? Nutrition 55. An autotroph is also called a _PRODUCER___ because it produces food by converting sunlight, water and carbon dioxide into _GLUCOSE__ or food. 56. _PLANTS_ and _ALGAE_ are autotrophs 57. Autotrophs that do NOT need the sun to make their own food are called _CHEMOTROPHS__ 58. _BACTERIA_ and _DEEP SEA WORMS_ are examples of chemotrophs 59. Organisms that do not make their own food are called _HETEROTROPHS_ or consumers. a. Feed on plants only _HERBIVORE_ b. Feed on the tissue of dead organisms _SCAVENGERS_ c. Feed on meat only _CARNIVORE_ d. Feed on both plants and animals _OMNIVORE_ e. Absorb any dead material and break it down into simple nutrients _DECOMPOSERS_ Transfer of Energy 60. No organism EVER receives 100% of the energy from the organism they just ate much of the energy is lost as _HEAT_ to the environment. 61. What percentage of energy is passed to the next trophic level? (10%, 50%, 75%) Trophic levels 62. _ENERGY_ moves from one organism to another when it is eaten and each step is known as a _TROPHIC__ level. 63. Explain the difference between a food chain and a food web below. FOOD CHAIN= ONE POSSIBLE ENERGY PATHWAY FOOD WEB= ALL POSSIBLE ENERGY PATHWAYS 64. Biomass is just another term for the potential _ENERGY_ to be eaten and used. 65. Ecological pyramids show the relationship between _CONSUMERS_ and Producers and which level has the most _ENERGY_ and most _NUMBER_ of organisms. Population Ecology 66. List the 7 examples of limiting factors that can limit a populations size below. PREDATION, PARASITISM, COMPETITION, POLLUTION, AVAILABILITY OF WATER, DISEASE, CLIMATE 67. Climate is a density _INDEPENDENT_ limiting factor, and competition is a density _DEPENDENT_ limiting factor. 68. Populations grow (exponentially or linearly). 69. If a populations shows an S shaped growth curve you know it has reached its _CARRYING CAPACITY_ 70. When the predator population goes up the prey population goes _DOWN_ . Population Interactions 71. List the three types of symbiosis and what they mean below. (One is missing on your hand out, add it) MUTUALISM= BOTH BENEFIT PARASITISM- ONE BENEFITS THE OTHER IS HARMED COMMENSALISM- ONE BENEFITS AND THE OTHER IS NEITHER HARMED NOR BENEFITTED. Succession There are two types of Succession Primary and Secondary Succession. (Hand out is wrong!!!!!!! Don’t use it for this part) 72. _SECONDARY_ succession- when a population is trying to reestablish itself to its climax community after a natural disaster or a “big” change 73. _PRIMARY_ succession- when a new area is being colonized for the first time first by a pioneer species (lichens and moss) to help produce soil and then gradually to a climax community.