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16. What is a case study? Why is it sometimes necessary to use case studies to answer psychological questions? 17. How do people change as they enter the adulthood and aging stage of life? (physically, cognitively, and socially) 18. Describe the survey method. 19. In a research study, what is the “population?” What is a random sample? 20. 4. What are the four stages of cognitive development? Describe the principle of conservation. What ethical principles guide human research? 21. What does the term “heritability” refer to? 5. What are schema? 22. What are the basic building blocks of the nervous system? 6. What are critical periods? 23. Describe the parts of a typical neuron. What is the correct sequence in the transmission of a neural impulse? Psychology Study Guide – Final Exam 1. Describe Erikson’s psychosocial theory. What is “identity?” What is “intimacy?” 2. 3. What are the three stages of Kohlberg’s moral development theory? Piaget described what type of development? 7. Describe the effects of Alzheimer’s. 8. What is the “nature” and “nurture” part of the nature/nurture controversy? 24. What is located between the axons of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron? What is attachment? According to Harlow’s studies of monkeys, how does it develop? 25. Which principle states that a neuron always fires with the same intensity? 26. What is the refractory period? 27. What are the chemical messengers in the neural system? 28. Schizophrenia is linked to excess levels of _________________. Depression is linked to lower levels of ______________________. 9. 10. 11. 12. What is a correlational study? What do clinical psychologists do? Psychology is the scientific study of what two things? 13. Who is known as the “father” of modern psychology? Why? 14. What is a psychological perspective? What are the 6 contemporary perspectives? 29. The central nervous system consists of what two parts of the body? 15. What is participant bias? 30. What are the four main lobes of the Cerebral Cortex? Describe their functions. 31. What is the purpose of the corpus callosum? 1 32. Describe the functions of the limbic system: a. Hippocampus b. Amygdala c. Hypothalamus d. Thalamus 49. Reduced responsiveness to a drug causing the user to take an increased dose is called ____________________________________. 50. What are the most commonly used psychoactive drugs? 33. What are the two language regions in the left hemisphere of the brain? 51. What are depressants? 34. What is sensation? What is perception? 52. What are drugs that excited neural activity and speed up body functions called? 35. What is the blind spot? Why is it called this? 53. What are opiates? 36. What is an illusion? 54. What are drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input called? 37. Which hormone regulates the sleep/wake cycle? 38. What is a circadian rhythm? 55. Alcohol tends to shut down which part of the brain? How does this affect a person’s behavior? 39. What are sleep spindles? In which stage of sleep do spindles occur? 56. What is a heuristic? Provide one example. 40. According to the preservation theory of sleep, why do we sleep? 57. What is a strategy that guarantees a solution to a problem? 41. What is the restorative theory of sleep? 58. How do researchers define intelligence? 42. Describe the following theories of dreaming: a. information-processing theory b. physiological function theory c. activation-synthesis theory 59. Howard Gardner theorized that there are at least how many independent types of intelligence? List them. 43. What are the physical effects of sleep debt (sleep deprivation)? 60. A person’s ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions is known as what? 44. On average, how many hours of sleep do most adolescents need each night? 61. For a test to have a high degree of reliability it must do what? 45. What is hypnosis? 62. How do behaviorists define learning? 46. What is a psychoactive drug? 63. What is the difference between an unconditioned and a conditioned response? 47. When does drug dependence become drug addiction? 64. What was the UCS and the CS in Pavlov’s dog experiment? What was the UCR & CR? 65. In learning, what is spontaneous recovery? 48. What is withdrawal? 2 66. In learning, what is generalization? 81. The process of getting information out of memory storage is called what? 67. How did the Little Albert study illustrate the process of generalization? 82. According to the psychoanalytic perspective, what is the purpose of defense mechanisms? 68. In learning, what is discrimination? 83. Describe Freud’s idea of repression. 69. Describe the difference between classical and operant conditioning. 84. What is the misinformation effect? 85. According to psychoanalytic theory, what are the basic purposes/desires of the following: a. Id b. Ego c. Superego 70. Describe Skinner’s views on learning. 71. What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement and positive and negative punishment? 86. With which of Freud’s theories do contemporary psychologists disagree? 72. What is observational learning? Which researcher is best known for studying observational learning (hint: Bobo Doll)? 87. Emotional stability, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness are all components of which theory of personality? 73. Getting information into memory is known as _______________________. 88. What is MUDA? 74. Which type of studying is more effective – distributed or massed rehearsal? 89. What are the characteristics of bipolar disorder? 75. What is echoic and iconic memory? 90. What are the characteristics of posttraumatic stress disorder? 76. Describe the difference between sensory, shortterm, and long-term memory. 91. What are the characteristics of antisocial personality disorder? 77. What is the storage capacity of long-term memory? 92. What are the characteristics of a panic attack? 78. What is a mnemonic device? Provide one example. 93. What are obsessions? 94. What are compulsions? 79. What are the three steps of the information processing model? 95. What is DID? 80. How are implicit and explicit memories different? 96. Which disorder is characterized by hallucinations and delusions? 97. How is the DSM-IV-TR used? 3