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Transcript
Ecology A. Ecological Organization Organism ________ Community Biome (Ecosystem) ________ Successful Ecosystems must have: 1. A constant flow of ________ (________ is the primary source of energy for _________ ecosystem) 2. __________ of resources. *________ (__________ and limiting factors): pH, soil, temperature range, water, gases, light *________ (_________ factors and nutritional relationships between organisms): animals, plants Nutritional Relationships: transfer of _______ from one organism to ___________ -______________: can use energy form the environment to make food Chemosynthetic: ____________ Photosynthetic: _______ -______________: cannot synthesize their own food o Saprophytes: obtain food from _________ organisms o Herbivores: feed on __________ o Carnivores: feed on other ____________ (include predators and scavengers) o Omnivores: consume both _________ and ___________ B. Symbiotic Relationships Commensalism: nutritional relationship in which ________________, the other is __________ harmed. Ex: barnacles on a whale Mutualism: both organisms ____________ Ex: lichens – algae (food) and fungus (anchorage/water); e. coli – human digestive system; nitrogen-fixing-bacteria in legumes Parasitism: one organism is _________, the other __________________. Ex: tapeworms in animals; heart worms in animals; athlete’s foot fungus Predator/Prey relationships/Density Dependent Factors: population of one organism ___________ on the ______ (can lead to ____________) Co-evolution: the evolution of ________ depends in part on the _________ of the other. As ________ evolve more efficient ways of capturing or consuming _______, the __________________ to _____________________ Carrying Capacity=______________ of organisms _____________________________ Density Independent Factors: ______ dependent on the ___________ of individuals. Ex: floods, tsunami Food Chains (_________________) vs. Food Webs (________________________________________) Food Pyramid Energy Pyramid _______________ from food is used by organism for ____________ and some given off as heat energy. _____________ is _______________ to the next _____________ level C. Cycles: Water Cycle: the main __________ of the water cycle is to ____________ the supply of ____________ through the environment. o Water is an ______________ (limiting factor) o Processes are : ____________, __________________, _______________, _________________ (plants only), _________________ (plants and animals) Carbon cycle: ___________________________________ are ____________ through the environment through ________________________ and ______________________ Nitrogen cycle: ___________________ are the most _________________ organisms! o _________ get nitrogen from the ______ (nitrates) and ________ get nitrogen from ________ o Nitrogen is ____________ for proteins and nucleic acids (_________) D. Succession: _______________________ through time of changes in community ___________________ Usually described in terms of _____________; unless interrupted (disturbed) succession passes through intermediate stages from pioneer to climax community Primary succession: usually begins with __________ organism such as lichens, algae o Pioneer species – __________ organism to _______________ an area Secondary succession: follows a _____________ that __________ community not the soil o Ex: Catastrophic Event such as forest _________, flooding E. Niche vs. Habitat: _______ – is an animal’s ___________; the fundamental _______ of an organism _______ – is an animal’s ________; the __________________________________ of an organism Some organisms _____ the same _________ but ___________________; Ex: owl and hawk F. Biomes: Terrestrial Biomes: o ________: very cold, low biotic diversity (mosses, polar bear), permafrost o ________: average temperature below freezing for 6 months; confers, moose o ___________________________: cold winters and hot summer; maple, oak o ________: extreme heat and extreme dryness; cacti, snakes o ______________: half of worlds plant and animal, high temperatures & rainfall o ________: terrains of grasses, fires prevent large forest; sunflowers & turkey ________ Biomes: Most _______ because of _____ fluctuations of ____________ G. Humans and the Biosphere Human Population Growth – due to the _________ in medicine and technology; increase due to __________________ and _______________________ Species __________: the sum total of the _________ of organisms in the biosphere o _______________ to Biodiversity: over-hunting; habitat destruction; pollutions; deforestation H. Green house Effect: ________________ is the _________________ – produced from the burning of fossil fuels; also called _________________ due to trapping of ____________ on earth’s surface I. _________ Depletion (O3): ________ the earth from ______ radiation; _______________ is due to CFC’s J. Biomagnification and Bioaccumulation: is the _________ in concentration of a substance along the _____________; accumulate or magnified ___________ in higher organisms _______________ lead awareness concerning pesticide accumulation _________________Aspects by Human: Population control, consideration of resources; Pollution Control; species preservation; biological controls