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B1 You and Your Genes Science Explanations (bold type signifies Higher only) You should know: Most of your features are affected by your environment and your genes Genes are found in the nuclei of cells and are instructions for making proteins which may be structured or enzymes Your chromosomes, and genes, are in pairs Genes have different versions, called alleles The difference between dominant and recessive alleles Men and women have different sex chromosomes (men XY, women XX) How a gene on the Y chromosome causes an embryo to develop as a man Why you look like your parents Why you may look like your brothers and sisters, but not be identical How to interpret family trees How to complete genetic cross diagrams The symptoms of cystic fibrosis and Huntington’s disorder Why people can be carriers of cystic fibrosis, but not Huntington’s disorder Doctors can test embryos, foetuses and adults for certain alleles by genetic tests What happens during embryo selection (pre-implantation genetic diagnosis) The implications of the use of genetic testing by others (e.g. by employers and insurance companies) and comparisons of technical feasibility against values How gene therapy could be used to treat some genetic disorders That some organisms use asexual reproduction and have offspring that are clones How animal clones are produced naturally and artificially (when the nucleus of an adult cell is transferred to an empty fertilised cell) That cells in multi-cellular organisms become specialised very early on in organism’s development What stem cells are, and how they could be used to treat certain diseases